Week 2: Universal Features of Cells and Taxonomy
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Questions and Answers

What type of cells are considered prokaryotic?

  • Viruses and Viroids
  • Bacteria and Archaea (correct)
  • Fungi and Protists
  • Animals and plants

    • All cells store their hereditary information using the same chemical code system.

    True

    What is the primary energy source used by all cells?

    ATP

    Cells are classified into two main types: ______ and ______.

    <p>Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Prion = Infectious agent composed solely of protein Viroid = Infectious agent consisting of a short strand of RNA Virus = Infectious particle that can replicate only inside a host cell Taxonomy = The science of classification of living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular components is found in all cells?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The binomial nomenclature system is used to classify species into three names.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows cells to replicate hereditary information?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is typically found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division occurs in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Binary Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is usually _____ and associated with histones.

    <p>linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cell with its characteristic:

    <p>Prokaryotic = No nucleus Eukaryotic = Has organelles Animal = Contains lysosomes Plant = Has chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Modification and sorting of cell products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are found in all eukaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ribosomes primarily responsible for in the cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell wall of plant cells is primarily made of _____ and provides structural support.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process do prokaryotes use for genetic exchange?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Hooke observe in 1665 that led him to name them 'cellulae'?

    <p>Tiny compartments of cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell theory states that all living organisms are made of cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit that retains the characteristics of life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schleiden proposed in 1838 that plant tissues are made of __________.

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scientists with their contributions to cell theory:

    <p>Schleiden = Plant tissues are made of cells Schwann = Animal tissues are made of cells Virchow = All cells arise from preexisting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly known as mad cow disease?

    <p>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions have organelles and can replicate independently in a host organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD)?

    <p>Neurodegenerative disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A virus consists of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat called a _______.

    <p>capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their characteristics:

    <p>Tobacco mosaic virus = Helical capsid with rigid rod shape Adenovirus = Icosahedral capsid Influenza virus = Outer envelope with glycoproteins Bacteriophage T4 = Complex structure with tail fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of viruses?

    <p>Can reproduce independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time from the onset of symptoms to death in BSE is typically several years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glycoproteins found in some viruses?

    <p>To facilitate entry into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions can convert properly folded proteins into _______ form.

    <p>misfolded prion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic material might a virus contain?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA or RNA, or single-stranded DNA or RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of preventing seasonal influenza?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influenza C virus infections are known to cause severe epidemics in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the two surface proteins that classify Influenza A viruses.

    <p>hemagglutinin or neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influenza viruses are classified into four types: A, B, C, and ___ .

    <p>D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of influenza virus with its characteristic:

    <p>Influenza A = Causes pandemics and seasonal epidemics Influenza B = Causes seasonal epidemics in people Influenza C = Typically causes mild illness Influenza D = Primarily affects cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many respiratory deaths are caused annually by seasonal influenza?

    <p>290,000 to 650,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection that can be treated effectively with antibiotics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to a new influenza A virus causing a pandemic?

    <p>Ability to spread efficiently among people and lack of immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influenza viruses can spread easily when infected individuals ___ .

    <p>cough or sneeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influenza virus has been known to primarily affect cattle?

    <p>Influenza D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Universal Features of Cells

    • Organisms on Earth reproduce, passing down hereditary information.
    • All cells store their genetic information in DNA (or RNA for viruses).
    • DNA/RNA codes (A, C, G, T or U) and their structures are universal.
    • Protein synthesis and DNA replication occur similarly across species.
    • All cells use proteins as catalysts.
    • ATP is the energy source for all cells.
    • All cells are enclosed within a plasma membrane.
    • All cells contain ribosomes.
    • Size, shape, and chemical requirements differentiate cells.

    Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature

    • Taxonomy classifies living things.
    • Binomial nomenclature uses two names to give each species a unique scientific name.

    Cell Types

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria and Archaea
    • Eukaryotic Cells: Protists, fungi, animals, plants

    Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic Cells:
      • No nuclear membrane (nucleoid)
      • No membrane-enclosed organelles
      • Cell wall: Usually present, chemically complex
      • Plasma membrane: No carbohydrates, lacks sterols
      • Cytoplasm: Simpler cytoskeleton
      • Ribosomes: Smaller in size (70S)
      • Single circular DNA, lacks histones
      • Cell division: Binary Division
      • Sexual reproduction: No meiosis, only transfer of DNA fragments
    • Eukaryotic Cells:
      • True nucleus with a nuclear membrane
      • Membrane-enclosed organelles like lysosomes, Golgi complex, ER, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
      • Cell wall: When present, chemically simple
      • Plasma membrane: Sterols & carbohydrates that serve as receptors
      • Cytoplasm: Cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic streaming
      • Ribosomes: Larger size (80S)
      • Linear DNA with histones
      • Cell division: Mitosis
      • Sexual reproduction: Meiosis

    Eukaryotic Cell Structure

    • Nucleus:
      • Contains the cell’s genetic material.
      • Nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus.
      • Nucleolus is a nonmembranous structure involved in ribosome production.
      • Chromatin: DNA and proteins, visible as chromosomes during cell division.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: Ribosome-studded, involved in protein synthesis.
      • Smooth ER: No ribosomes, involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
    • Golgi Apparatus:
      • Processes, modifies, sorts, and secretes cell products.
    • Mitochondria:
      • Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production (cellular energy).
    • Lysosomes:
      • Digestive organelles for breakdown of waste products and macromolecules.
    • Peroxisomes:
      • Involved in detoxification and lipid metabolism.
    • Ribosomes:
      • Sites of protein synthesis, can be free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER.
    • Cytoskeleton:
      • Network of protein filaments that provide structure and support for the cell.
      • Includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

    Plant Cell Structure

    • Cell Wall: Outer layer, provides shape and protection, made of cellulose.
    • Central Vacuole: Large, prominent in older cells, involved in waste breakdown and macromolecule storage.
    • Chloroplasts: Photosynthetic organelles, convert light energy to chemical energy.
    • Plasmodesmata: Cytoplasmic channels that connect neighboring cells.

    Animal Cell Structure

    • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
    • Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cell.

    Plant vs Animal Cell Differences

    • Cell Wall: Present in plants, absent in animals.
    • Chloroplasts: Present in plants, absent in animals.
    • Central Vacuole: Large and prominent in plant cells, smaller and less prominent in animals.
    • Centrioles: Present in animals, absent in plants.

    Prions

    • Misfolded protein molecules that can propagate by transmitting a misfolded protein state.
    • Induce correctly folded proteins to misfold.
    • Example: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).

    Viruses

    • Infectious agents that replicate only inside living cells.
    • Consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).
    • Some viruses have a membranous envelope.
    • No organelles, only genes.
    • Example: Influenza viruses.

    Influenza Viruses

    • Cause seasonal epidemics of flu (flu season).
    • Classified by subtypes based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).
    • HA binds to a virus receptor on the host cell.
    • NA cleaves sialic acid from viral receptors.

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the basic living unit.
    • All cells arise from preexisting cells.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental features of all cells, including their genetic information storage, protein synthesis, and energy sources. Additionally, it delves into the classification of living organisms through taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, as well as the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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