Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with coining the term 'Chromosome'?

  • Flemming
  • Strasburger (correct)
  • Darwin
  • Mendel

In biological taxonomy, which of the following represents the most inclusive and most exclusive groupings, respectively?

  • Family and Division
  • Class and Phylum
  • Kingdom and Species (correct)
  • Order and Genus

Which cellular component lacks a membrane?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome (correct)
  • Lysosome
  • Golgi Apparatus

What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?

<p>Protein Synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of plastids includes the chloroplast, chromoplast, and leucoplast?

<p>Chloroplast, Chromoplast, and Leucoplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with postulating the theory of evolution by natural selection?

<p>Darwin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term encompasses the identification, naming, and classification of living organisms?

<p>Taxonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was cell theory initially formulated?

<p>1838 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within cells, by what process is food broken down to produce energy?

<p>Respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle plays a critical role in intracellular transportation and secretion of proteins and lipids?

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following taxonomic ranks includes organisms with the most similar characteristics?

<p>Species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year marked the publication of the cell theory, a foundational concept in biology?

<p>1839 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure, composed of calcium and magnesium pectate, cements together the cell walls of adjacent plant cells?

<p>Middle lamella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whose experiments with pea plants laid the foundation for the field of genetics?

<p>Gregor Mendel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular component is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules, particularly proteins and lipids, for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

<p>Packaging and secretion of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells, contributing to turgor pressure and storing various substances?

<p>Storage of water and nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where two alleles are codominant, what phenotypic outcome is observed in a heterozygous individual?

<p>Both traits associated with each allele are distinctly and simultaneously expressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unknown plant, when crossed with a homozygous recessive plant, yields a progeny with a 1:1 phenotypic ratio. What does this indicate about the genotype of the unknown plant?

<p>It is heterozygous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell were unable to properly perform protein packaging and modification, which organelle would likely be dysfunctional?

<p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component provides the structural framework and facilitates intracellular transport within a cell?

<p>The cytoskeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors most accurately describe the multifaceted influences on behavioral traits in organisms?

<p>A complex interplay between genes, environmental conditions, and hormonal influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with the initial discovery of cells through microscopic observation?

<p>Robert Hooke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific genetic circumstance can a homozygous plant, typically breeding true for a particular trait, produce a genotypic ratio of 1:1 in its offspring?

<p>When crossed with a heterozygous plant, introducing genetic variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross, what phenotypic ratio is classically observed, assuming complete dominance?

<p>3:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell's chromoplasts are primarily involved in pigment storage, what is the most likely primary function of its leucoplasts?

<p>Storing starch and other essential nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the endomembrane system, how does the endoplasmic reticulum's role in intracellular transport directly support its function in secretion?

<p>By modifying and transporting proteins destined for secretion via vesicles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the absence of a membrane in ribosomes crucial for their function within both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>It permits direct interaction with mRNA and tRNA during protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Mendelian law of independent assortment relate to genetic variation within a population?

<p>It promotes genetic variation by allowing different combinations of genes to occur in the offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implications does the absence of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotic cells have for their metabolic processes compared to eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells have less efficient metabolic processes because reactions are not compartmentalized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a generation of plants is formed from heterozygous tall plants, what can be inferred about the genotypes of the parent plants, assuming tallness (T) is dominant and shortness (t) is recessive?

<p>Both parents were heterozygous (Tt). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the universal characteristics of life, why are respiration, reproduction, and competition considered fundamental attributes of living organisms across all kingdoms?

<p>Because these characteristics are essential for the survival, propagation, and evolution of species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is correct identification and classification crucial in biological studies?

<p>It establishes a foundational framework for understanding biodiversity, evolutionary relationships, and ecological interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a flowering plant species, red flower color ($R$) is dominant over white flower color ($r$). If pollen grains from a heterozygous plant fertilize the ovules of a plant with white flowers, predict the probability of producing a plant with white flowers.

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the efficiency of cellular respiration were reduced such that only half the normal amount of ATP was produced per glucose molecule, which cellular process would be most immediately affected?

<p>Active transport of ions against their concentration gradients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A human zygote receives 23 chromosomes from each parent. During which process would a nondisjunction event most likely lead to a zygote with 47 chromosomes?

<p>Meiosis during gamete formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excretion contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in living organisms?

<p>By removing metabolic waste products and regulating fluid balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely immediate response?

<p>The cell membrane will detach from the cell wall, causing plasmolysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?

<p>Reduced risk of extinction due to uniform susceptibility to diseases or environmental changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher discovers a new organism, what is the MOST important step to classify it accurately?

<p>Analyze its genetic makeup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chaperone proteins such as ribophorins play in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>To assist in the correct folding and assembly of proteins within the ER lumen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, what is the direct precursor to seed formation?

<p>Ovule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a human cell undergoes meiosis, and nondisjunction occurs in one pair of chromosomes during meiosis II, what is the likely chromosome count in the resulting gametes?

<p>One gamete will have 24 chromosomes, one will have 22 chromosomes, and two will have 23 chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parasites exhibits the most complex life cycle, involving multiple hosts for completion?

<p>Fluke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the contributions of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, which statement most accurately reflects the culmination of the cell theory?

<p>All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chloroplasts and leucoplasts interact within a plant cell to manage energy production and storage under varying environmental conditions?

<p>Chloroplasts and leucoplasts can interconvert, allowing for dynamic adaptation where leucoplasts transform into chloroplasts for photosynthesis under light exposure and revert back in darkness for starch storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the evolution of viviparity (live birth) in mammals considered a significant adaptation in certain environments?

<p>Viviparity ensures that offspring develop at a constant temperature, independent of external conditions, thus increasing survival rates in harsh climates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of plant reproduction, what evolutionary advantage does cross-pollination (transfer of pollen between different plants) confer compared to self-pollination?

<p>Cross-pollination increases the likelihood of offspring inheriting beneficial traits and reduces risks associated with inheriting deleterious recessive alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does phylogenetic classification refine the understanding of evolutionary relationships compared to natural classification?

<p>Phylogenetic classification organizes organisms based on their evolutionary history and shared ancestry, utilizing genetic and molecular data to construct accurate evolutionary trees, unlike natural classification, which primarily uses anatomical similarities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a Fruit?

The structure containing the seed in flowering plants.

What is Pollen?

Sex cells in plants that facilitate fertilization.

Human Chromosomes

Humans have 23 pairs, totaling 46 chromosomes.

What is a Parasite?

An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

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Cell Theory

States that all living things are composed of cells, the basic units of structure and function in living things.

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Chloroplast vs. Leucoplast

Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, leucoplasts store starch.

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What is Pollination?

A process where pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant.

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Phylogenetic classification

A classification based on evolutionary relationships.

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Who coined 'Chromosome'?

Flemming coined the word chromosome.

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Taxonomy Groups (Inclusive/Exclusive)

Kingdom (most inclusive) and Species (most exclusive).

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Non-Membrane Bound Organelle

Ribosomes lack a membrane.

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Ribosome Function

Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

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Types of Plastids

Chloroplast, Chromoplast, and Leucoplast.

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Evolution by Natural Selection

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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What is Taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying living organisms.

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Cell Theory Discovered

Cell theory was discovered in 1838

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Respiration

The breakdown of food in cells to produce energy.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in intracellular transportation and secretion.

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Species

The most specific/exclusive taxonomic rank.

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Middle Lamella

A layer of adhesive material, made of calcium and magnesium pectate, that cements together the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

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Gregor Mendel

The 'father of genetics' who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants.

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Golgi Apparatus

An organelle responsible for packaging and secretion of proteins.

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Systematics

The study of classification and evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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Chromoplast vs. Leucoplast Function

Contains pigments (chromoplast) or stores nutrients (leucoplast).

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

An organelle involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

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Independent Assortment

Genes assort independently during gamete formation.

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Prokaryotic Cell Membrane

No membrane-bound organelles.

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Heterozygous Tall Plants

One parent was homozygous dominant and the other homozygous recessive.

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Taxonomy

Study of identification, naming, and classification.

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Budding

A type of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from an outgrowth or bud on the parent body.

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Law of Codominance

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.

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Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation.

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Law of Dominance

The dominant allele masks the recessive allele in heterozygotes.

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1:1 Testcross Ratio

The unknown plant is heterozygous.

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Golgi Apparatus function

Packages and modifies proteins.

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Cytoskeleton Definition

Network of protein filaments providing structure and support to the cell.

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Influencers of Behavioral Traits

Our genes, environment, and hormones.

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Robert Hooke's Discovery

First to observe cells using a microscope.

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Unknown Genotype (1:1 Ratio)

A cross between an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive, yielding a 1:1 phenotypic ratio, suggests the unknown genotype is heterozygous.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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X-linked Inheritance

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation on the X chromosome.

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Excretion, Irritability & Reproduction

Processes such as waste removal, response to stimuli(Irritability), and creating new cells(Reproduction) occur in microorganisms

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Vacuole (in plants)

The cell organelle that stores water, pigments, and waste products in plant cells.

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Fragmentation (in Algae)

A method of asexual reproduction in algae where the organism splits into fragments, each capable of growing into a new individual.

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Ribophorin

A protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Study Notes

  • The reproductive part of a plant is the flower.
  • The pistil consists of the ovary, style, and stigma.
  • Ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are represented by 70S and 80S.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a single membrane organelle.
  • Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics.
  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  • Asexual reproduction in yeast is known as budding.
  • Peroxisomes function in the breakdown of fatty acids.
  • The cell wall contains a thin layer of pectate structure with magnesium and calcium.
  • Cilia function in cell movement and fluid transport.
  • Tonoplasts are located in the central vacuole.
  • The female reproductive part of a flower is the pistil.
  • The site of ATP synthesis in mitochondria is the cristae.
  • Mitotic cell division takes place in somatic cells.
  • In adequate water supply, algae reproduce via spore formation.
  • Excretion is the removal of toxic metabolic materials.
  • The human body has 46 pairs of chromosomes.
  • Robert Hooke first described a cell.
  • The functional unit of heredity is genes.
  • Chromoplast has color pigments, and leucoplast is colorless.
  • Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma via carriers.
  • Waldeyer first coined the word chromosomes.
  • Microbodies function in detoxification and lipid metabolism.
  • Lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags.
  • The core structure of cilia and flagella consists of microtubules.
  • A ripened ovary is called a fruit.
  • Tonoplast is located in the central vacuole.
  • The ovary is the flower part that produces seeds.
  • There are 23 chromosomes in humans
  • A tapeworm is a parasite
  • Cell theory was formulated in 1838.
  • Chloroplast stores pigments, leucoplast stores starch.
  • Mammals give birth to their young ones alive.
  • Pollination is the transfer of pollen to flowers via wind or insects.
  • Natural classification groups animals based on their natural affinities.
  • Vacuoles provide storage and structural support in plants.
  • Yeast reproduces asexually by budding.
  • Chlorophyll is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis.
  • The peroxisome is responsible for detoxifying chemicals.
  • Respiration is the process by which food is broken down for energy.
  • Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with classifying living things.
  • If a plant with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous short plant and the phenotype result is 1:1, then the unknown genotype of the plant is Tt.
  • The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
  • Sickle cell anemia is an example of a trait linked with autosomal recessive inheritance.
  • Charles Darwin's theory was mainly based on natural selection.
  • Waldeyer discovered chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Robert Hooke is considered the father of the cell.
  • Vacuoles store water, color pigments, and waste in plants.
  • Respiration describes the process by which food is broken down in a living cell.
  • Excretion, irritability, and reproduction occur in plants and animals.
  • A flower turns into a ripened fruit.
  • The parts of the pistil include the Style-Ovary-Stigma.
  • Excretion is the removal of toxic materials from the body system.
  • Pollination involes the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
  • The pistil is the female reproductive part of the plant.
  • Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction in algae.
  • Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classification of living organisms.
  • Cell theory was implemented in 1838.
  • Gene is the unit of heredity found in DNA.
  • Cytoskeleton is a non-membrane bound structure
  • Ribophorin iis the portien found in the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Behavioral traits are due to both Genetic and Environmental factors
  • Spyrogyra is NOT an example of an a cellular organism
  • MIddle lamella is the part of the cell that consists of thin pectic substances of calcium and magnesium
  • The challenge of recalling information on 1.5 million animal species has been solved by Taxonomy
  • The reason why animal diversity continues to improve is because old species Mutate
  • Cristae is the part of mitochondria that contains enzymes for ATP synthesis
  • Animals are NOT known to be diverse in photosynthsis
  • Axopeme is structural core of cilia and pseudopodia
  • Vegetative propagation is the formation of a new plant from parts of a plant
  • Spore formation is what is reproductive formation of algae?
  • Axoneme is the core of cilia and flagella
  • Respiration describes the process whereby organisms release energy
  • Suicidal bags is associated with lysosomes
  • The function of ribosome is Protein synthesis
  • Flemming coined the word Chromosome
  • Kingdom and Species are the most inclusive and exclusive groups in taxonomy
  • The ribosome is Non-membrane bound organelle?
  • The function of Ribosome is Protein Synthesis
  • Chloroplast, Chromoplast, and Leucoplast are the three types of plastids
  • The theory of evolution by natural selection was postulated by Darwin
  • Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classifying of living organisms
  • The Cell theory was first discovered in the year 1838
  • Behavioral are influenced by Both Genetic and Environmental factors
  • Fluid mosaic model is the model form of the plasma membrane
  • The most exclusive taxon is Species
  • Waldeyer first coined the word chromosome
  • Cell organelle responsible for transporting materials is Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Microtubule is the core of cilia
  • Acquired traits are passed to offspring in the Lamarck theory
  • Mutation repair is the role of crossing over
  • Cytoplasm is the cell organelle containing heterogeneous material in which other organelles are suspended in
  • Cytoskeleton is non-membranous
  • Euglena is unicellurar
  • Tapeworm is parastic
  • Coined cell is Robert Hooke
  • Seeds are derived from Ovule -Adapatation detect and respond to changes
  • Species is the most exclusive rank
  • Phylum is the most inclusive level
  • A gorilla are an example of a viviparous animal
  • A flower is reproductive part of a plant
  • A nucleus is the activities of controlled by

NOTE: Some Questions and ansewers have issues with the information. I am trying my vest to provide factually accurate responses. Please review and verify responses before sharing.

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