Unit 6: Industrialization and its Effects

The period from 1815 to 1914 when new technologies transformed production, increased output, and led to economic growth.

A business system in which individuals and companies are free to produce, trade, and profit without significant government control.

A period of economic downturn characterized by decreased production, unemployment, and lower consumer spending.

A company or group of companies that control most or all of a particular market, often leading to higher prices and limited choices for consumers.

Practices used by banks to mitigate economic risks and fluctuations, such as setting interest rates and controlling lending.

The French Revolution (1789-1799) significantly impacted the Industrial Revolution in France. It's influence was felt through the dismantling of the feudal system, the rise of a new middle class, and the emphasis on individual liberty and equality, which created a more favorable environment for industrial development.

A customs union established in 1834 by the German states, excluding Austria, that eliminated tariffs (taxes) between member states and facilitated free trade. This fostered economic growth and integration, paving the way for industrial development.

Friedrich List, a German economist, proposed a national system of economic development that emphasized protectionist policies and government intervention to foster industrial growth. He argued that tariffs and subsidies could help infant industries compete with established foreign rivals, enabling them to reach a level of competitiveness that would allow them to thrive in a global market.

Factors that contributed to the slower industrial development of Eastern and Southern Europe in the 19th century, including limited availability of natural resources, poor infrastructure, the persistence of traditional landed elites who resisted change, the prevalence of serfdom, and a lack of state support for industrialization.

The consequences of Eastern and Southern Europe lagging behind in industrialization, including the continued dominance of agricultural economies with limited mechanization and a reliance on traditional practices, leading to issues like rural poverty and unemployment. The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) was a significant example of the dire consequences of dependence on one crop and an absence of industrial alternatives.

The period of intense industrialization that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by the widespread adoption of new technologies, such as electricity, the internal combustion engine, and the development of mass production.

The use of machines to replace human labor, leading to the establishment of factories for large-scale production, increased efficiency, and the standardization of goods. This had a profound impact on society, leading to migration from rural areas to urban centers and significant social and economic change.

The rise of cities due to the movement of people from rural areas to urban centers seeking employment in factories.

The strain on resources and living conditions in cities caused by a rapid increase in population.

The development of essential services like water supply, sanitation, transportation, and housing to accommodate the growing urban population.

The spread of consumer goods like clothing, processed foods, and labor-saving devices made possible by advancements during the Industrial Revolution.

The use of advertising, department stores, and mail-order catalogs to promote and sell consumer goods to a wider audience.

The ability to have more free time after working hours, often enjoyed through activities like entertainment and leisure.

The shortage of workers in rural areas as people moved to cities for industrial jobs.

A period of political upheaval and change in Europe between 1815 and 1914, marked by the rise of liberal and nationalist ideologies and rebellions against existing monarchies and empires.

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, hierarchy, and established institutions, often opposing radical change and favoring gradual reform.

An alliance of European powers formed after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain political stability and suppress revolutionary movements.

A series of repressive measures imposed in the German Confederation after the failed revolutions of 1819, aimed at suppressing liberalism and nationalism.

A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, limited government, and constitutional rights, often promoting democracy and reform.

Advocated for universal male suffrage, arguing that all men should have the right to vote.

A political philosophy that emphasizes equality, social justice, and collective ownership or control of resources.

A group of reformers who advocated for political and economic reforms in Britain, including universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and the abolition of property requirements for voting.

A period of revolutions and political upheaval across Europe in 1848, driven by demands for greater democracy, freedom, and national unity.

The assembly convened by German liberals in 1848 to create a unified German nation, but it failed due to internal divisions and opposition from conservative forces.

The right of the people to govern themselves.

A doctrine that individuals act in ways that promote their own self-interest, but these actions ultimately benefit society as a whole.

A political ideology based on the abolition of all forms of hierarchical government and private property. It promotes individual liberty, mutual aid, and social cooperation. Anarchists believe individuals can govern themselves without states.

A collection of political parties that emerged in European nations during the 19th century, responding to the challenges and inequalities created by industrialization. They aimed to represent the interests of the working class and advocate for social reforms.

Karl Marx's analysis of historical development as a struggle between different classes, driven by economic forces. He argues that societies progress through conflict, eventually leading to a classless communist society.

The Conservative and Liberal parties in Great Britain and the Social Democratic Party in Germany were key examples of mass-based political parties that emerged in the 19th century. These parties sought to address the social and economic problems of industrialization by advocating for reforms and representing the interests of various social groups.