Unit 3 Political Analysis Concepts
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What is the "second face" of power?

  • When a dominant elite keeps issues that might threaten its position off the public agenda. (correct)
  • When a dominant elite is able to determine what is considered normal and abnormal.
  • When a dominant elite is able to prevent their opponents from understanding their true interests.
  • When a dominant elite is able to affect a variety of decisions.

    • What does the text suggest about the "third face" of power?

  • It involves a dominant elite affecting a variety of decisions.
  • It involves a dominant elite keeping certain issues off the public agenda.
  • It involves powerful groups determining what is considered normal and abnormal.
  • It involves powerful groups preventing their potential opponents from understanding where their true interests lie. (correct)

    • How does the concept of "hegemony" relate to power, according to the text?

  • It suggests that those in power are able to prevent their opponents from understanding their true interests.
  • It suggests that those in power are able to keep certain issues off the public agenda.
  • It suggests that those in power are able to affect a variety of decisions.
  • It suggests that those in power determine what is legal and illegal, as well as what is normal and abnormal. (correct)

    • Powerful groups can prevent their potential opponents from understanding where their true interests lie.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'hegemony' suggests that those in power only determine what is legal and illegal.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Authority is granted solely based on the possession of certain characteristics necessary for a position.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second face of power involves keeping issues that might threaten dominance off the public agenda.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third face of power suggests that there can be no difference between perceived interest and actual interest.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third face of power, as explained by Lukes, suggest about powerful groups?

    <p>Powerful groups can prevent their potential opponents from understanding where their true interests lie.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'hegemony' play a role in defining power dynamics according to the text?

    <p>Hegemony involves not only determining legal and illegal aspects but also shaping what is considered normal and abnormal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the second face of power operate, as described in the text?

    <p>The second face of power involves keeping issues that might threaten dominance off the public agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we assess the distribution of power?

    <p>By examining which individuals or groups are most successful in affecting a variety of decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in authority being granted, based on the text?

    <p>Authority is granted voluntarily because individuals are thought to possess certain characteristics considered necessary for the position occupied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common argument made by critics of the welfare state?

    <p>Robust healthcare and education primarily benefit the working class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Gramsci and Marcuse view the role of intellectuals in society?

    <p>They underscore the role of intellectuals in challenging ruling class ideologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact have left-of-center governments had on the distribution of resources in capitalist societies?

    <p>They have influenced a more equal distribution of resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do certain socialists argue that reforms benefiting the working class are implemented?

    <p>As concessions to prevent social unrest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key criticism of right-of-center tax cuts according to the text?

    <p>They have widened wealth gaps in society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential advantage of power over authority?

    <p>Power is based on coercion, which is recognizable and can be resisted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the text associate with the concept of 'hegemony'?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the distinction between authority and power, as presented in the text?

    <p>Authority is linked with what should be, while power is linked with what is. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the first dimension or 'face' of power as proposed by Lukes?

    <p>A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do something that B would otherwise not do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the pluralist theory of the state, how is power measured?

    <p>Power is measured in terms of decision-making, corresponding to Lukes's first dimension of power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that confirms the validity of the pluralist model of the state?

    <p>When no single group consistently achieves its goals in all instances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concept of power and theories of the state?

    <p>How power is conceptualized has an important bearing on the validity of theories of the state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information in the text, which of the following statements about the second dimension or 'face' of power is correct?

    <p>The second face of power involves keeping issues that might threaten dominance off the public agenda. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that determines the legitimacy of authority in a political system?

    <p>The ruling class's ability to shape societal norms and values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the significance of the concept of 'false consciousness' in power dynamics?

    <p>It describes the working class's lack of awareness of its exploitation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in discerning the true goals and strategies of a group?

    <p>The lack of insider knowledge and the complexity of power dynamics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the relationship between authority and legitimacy in political systems?

    <p>Legitimacy is established through the dominant class's ability to shape societal norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bertrand Russell defined power as the intentional production of undesired results.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taxi drivers benefiting when it rains but not actively causing the increase in business is an example of demonstrating true power.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quote from sociologist Steven Lukes emphasizes that having the means of power necessarily equates to being powerful.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'Who benefits?' is interchangeable with 'Who governs?' according to the text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Power being exercised through the threat of force always indicates a failure of power according to the text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text suggests that power, based on coercion, is always legitimate and just.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text argues that authority, which can be a product of manipulation, is always considered legitimate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the text, it is suggested that power, based on coercion, can be resisted more easily than authority.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text states that subtle manipulation is a less effective method of control compared to constant surveillance.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critics argue that elites can shape individual preferences to ensure that potentially threatening demands are included in the political agenda.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The media plays a minor role in influencing perceptions and creating false consciousness among people.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lukes' third face of power involves individuals or groups being fully aware of their perceived interests and actual interests.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of false consciousness suggests that individuals may be unaware of how dominant forces shape their preferences and beliefs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying non-decision-making processes is considered difficult when trying to measure the subtle ways in which power is exercised.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Business interests need to actively lobby decision-makers in order to be heard, according to the text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-decision-making can occur when a group anticipates success and actively participates in the decision-making process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multinational companies are not mentioned as a factor that can heighten the power of business interests in decision-making.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decision-makers may choose to oppose powerful interests even if they expect high costs as a result.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Covert grievances are openly discussed and addressed in decision-making processes by default.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between authority and power, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Authority is linked with right and legitimacy, while power is associated with coercion and manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'false consciousness' contribute to the exercise of power?

    <p>False consciousness suggests that individuals may be unaware of how dominant forces shape their preferences and beliefs, allowing for subtle manipulation of their choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text suggest that power, based on coercion, can be resisted more easily than authority?

    <p>Power, being based on coercion, is recognizable and can be resisted, unlike authority which relies on potentially imperceptible manipulation of individual preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dominant groups use ideological control to maintain power?

    <p>Dominant groups influence the preferences of the ruled to align with their own interests, eliminating the need for constant coercion or surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of majority rule in a democracy?

    <p>Majority rule can take different forms depending on the electoral system used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is necessary for political participation and representation to be considered legitimate?

    <p>Individuals must be encouraged to share in the political process in a free environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key argument about the relationship between voting and political obligation?

    <p>By voting in a democratic election, individuals agree to abide by the results, whatever they turn out to be. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the concept of 'political freedom' in a democracy?

    <p>Political freedom is the right of citizens to participate freely in the political process, limited only by the laws of the community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Political participation can either involve direct or indirect participation of individuals in decision-making processes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a democratic system, all votes are held equally and the majority should govern.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Political freedom in a democracy is restricted by the laws of the community.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legitimate participation and representation in politics require individuals to engage in a controlled environment.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voting in a democratic election implies agreement to abide by the election results.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of majority rule in a democracy?

    <p>All votes are held equally, so that most votes should govern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for political participation and representation to be considered legitimate?

    <p>Individuals are encouraged to share in the political process in a free environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism does Lively have regarding the inclusion of communist regimes under democracy in interpretation #7?

    <p>Rulers promote social and economic equality in communist regimes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lively, what is the core argument against considering a political system democratic solely based on attaining desirable outcomes?

    <p>Positive outcomes don't guarantee democratic nature of rulers' selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the realm of democratic critique, what complexity do liberal democracies face according to Lively?

    <p>Conflict between majoritarian decision-making and protecting individual rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the first two types of democracy according to Lively, from the latter two types?

    <p>Direct vs. representative democracy forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the utilitarian theory of democracy, why did Bentham and Mill advocate for democracy?

    <p>To ensure decision-makers consider the preferences of the populace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Bentham's initial perspective on democracy before his views changed?

    <p>Enlightened despotism was preferable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did C.B. Macpherson connect the utilitarian theory of democracy with the industrial middle class?

    <p>By highlighting that utilitarian theory laid the foundation for liberal democracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Bentham and Mill view individuals in government if left unrestrained?

    <p>They would prioritize personal pleasure over the greatest happiness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bentham's change in perspective about democracy stem from?

    <p>The government's non-implementation of his reform schemes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the approach of liberal thinkers like John Locke regarding the common good?

    <p>Achieving the common good through improved political conditions that allow individuals to pursue personal goals, including property ownership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the collectivist approach, as mentioned in the passage, regarding the common good?

    <p>Emphasizing individual sacrifice for the greater benefit of the population, reflecting utilitarianism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is mentioned in the passage as being associated with utilitarianism?

    <p>Jeremy Bentham (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, how did totalitarian systems like Stalin's Soviet Union and Hitler's Germany define the common good?

    <p>Defining the common good according to the state's interests, subordinating individual and group rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, how did Karl Marx view representations of the common good?

    <p>Linking them to political power, with the ruling class shaping them to maintain their privilege. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Marxist perspective on power and authority in political systems?

    <p>Power stems from control over the means of production, leading to a dictatorship of the proletariat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the collectivist approach, what is the primary basis for granting authority in a political system?

    <p>The collective goals and interests of the community or nation as a whole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the liberal thinkers' approach to political authority and power?

    <p>Authority is granted through free and fair elections, with power limited by constitutional protections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the utilitarian perspective, what should be the primary consideration in granting political authority?

    <p>The maximization of overall societal well-being and happiness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the totalitarian systems' view of political authority and power?

    <p>Authority is concentrated in the hands of a single party or leader representing the collective will. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indigenous leadership roles were permanent and held for life.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Neta Crawford, Haudenosaunee chiefs had both great prestige and significant power.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decisions within Indigenous governance were made through individual decision-making rather than collective decision-making and consensus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Western perspectives found the decision-making process in Indigenous governance frustrating due to its speed and lack of consultation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Indigenous governance, decisions were expected to be based on majority rule rather than unanimous approval.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lively, all seven interpretations of democracy include provisions for rulers to be removed by the people.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lively suggests that the direct popular vote alone is sufficient to ensure accountability in a democratic system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All individuals should be personally involved in crucial decision-making, according to the interpretations outlined by Lively.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rulers being chosen directly by representatives elected by the people is considered an undemocratic interpretation by Lively.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lively, rulers acting in the best interests of the people is a characteristic of democratic governance.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Aboriginal societies, the truth is determined through consensus after lengthy consultation and reflection.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to James Miller, the adversarial political process among non-Natives is based on reaching a consensus through consultation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democratic decision-making in Western societies always aligns with achieving a consensus beneficial for the entire group.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elite theory aligns with the essence of democracy if democracy is defined as political equality.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proponents of the participatory model need to demonstrate the desirability and feasibility of their version of democracy according to James Miller.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schumpeter believed that mass participation in democracy could lead to authoritarian values prevailing in society.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schumpeter, in his proposed modification to the classical theory of democracy, decision-making authority should be primarily in the hands of the political elite.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schumpeter argued that in a democratic system, competition between elites is what ensures the maintenance of democratic elements.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text implies that in democratic systems like those in Canada, the United States, and Great Britain, voters directly select between different policy sets.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recent research by Alex Marland, Thierry Giasson, and Andrea Lawlor suggests that a new class of 'digital elites' is emerging in Canada, alongside traditional business and political elites.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lively's interpretations, which numbers can be considered democratic?

    <p>1 to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of accountability do interpretations 5 to 7 lack?

    <p>Provisions for rulers to be removed by the ruled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Schumpeter's view, what ensures the maintenance of democratic elements in a democratic system?

    <p>Competition between elites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lively, what is the key factor in authority being granted?

    <p>Legitimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bentham and Mill advocate for based on the utilitarian theory of democracy?

    <p>They advocated for democracy to maximize happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do communitarians argue for in contrast to liberalism?

    <p>Judging the value of preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do communitarians differ from liberals in terms of societal values?

    <p>Communitarians promote objective values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for communitarians to criticize philosophical liberalism?

    <p>Liberalism ignores the common good (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, why do some individuals find issue with the dominance of philosophical liberalism?

    <p>It biases consideration of important matters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do communitarians believe is crucial for a society's survival?

    <p>Objective values recognized by everyone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communitarians believe that a society can only survive if it promotes values recognized as subjective by each individual.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liberalism's 'common good' is defined as an optimal combination of preferences that judges the value of each preference.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philosophical liberalism is credited with reviving political philosophy and enabling discussions on social and political issues in the present.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communitarians argue for a politics of neutrality with respect to any conceptions of the good.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dominance of philosophical liberalism is well-received by all individuals mentioned in the text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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