Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Harold Lasswell's definition, what is the core essence of politics?
According to Harold Lasswell's definition, what is the core essence of politics?
- The establishment and maintenance of social order and stability.
- The struggle over who gets what, when, and how. (correct)
- The administration of public services and infrastructure.
- The equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.
According to the content, government and politics are the same thing.
According to the content, government and politics are the same thing.
False (B)
Explain how inaction can be considered a political act.
Explain how inaction can be considered a political act.
Inaction is political because it tacitly supports the status quo by allowing existing power structures and decision-makers to continue unchallenged.
Gaventa describes power as __________, operating across spaces, levels, and forms, represented by a 'power cube'.
Gaventa describes power as __________, operating across spaces, levels, and forms, represented by a 'power cube'.
Match the 'spaces of power' with their descriptions:
Match the 'spaces of power' with their descriptions:
According to Gaventa, which forms can power take?
According to Gaventa, which forms can power take?
Which of the following is the most accurate conceptualization of the relationship between power and policy?
Which of the following is the most accurate conceptualization of the relationship between power and policy?
What distinguishes the ‘levels’ of power, as discussed by Gaventa?
What distinguishes the ‘levels’ of power, as discussed by Gaventa?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly facilitate successful frame diffusion, according to the provided information?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly facilitate successful frame diffusion, according to the provided information?
According to the provided perspectives on power, 'power within' refers solely to the ability to physically dominate a situation.
According to the provided perspectives on power, 'power within' refers solely to the ability to physically dominate a situation.
In the context of the 'Power Cube,' what distinguishes 'invited' spaces of power from 'created' spaces?
In the context of the 'Power Cube,' what distinguishes 'invited' spaces of power from 'created' spaces?
The 'second face of power' involves setting the ______ to limit the scope of political consideration.
The 'second face of power' involves setting the ______ to limit the scope of political consideration.
Which 'face of power' is most closely associated with long-term messaging and influencing fundamental beliefs?
Which 'face of power' is most closely associated with long-term messaging and influencing fundamental beliefs?
Studying power solely involves analyzing visible decision-making processes, ignoring underlying values and myths.
Studying power solely involves analyzing visible decision-making processes, ignoring underlying values and myths.
According to the framing perspective, what is the primary function of a 'frame'?
According to the framing perspective, what is the primary function of a 'frame'?
Differentiate between diagnostic and prognostic framing.
Differentiate between diagnostic and prognostic framing.
______ frames are used to refute opponents' arguments.
______ frames are used to refute opponents' arguments.
Which of the following is most likely to enhance frame resonance?
Which of the following is most likely to enhance frame resonance?
Counter-framing is always inaccurate, as it inherently opposes well-researched information.
Counter-framing is always inaccurate, as it inherently opposes well-researched information.
What is the purpose of 'diagnostic framing' in the context of framing activity?
What is the purpose of 'diagnostic framing' in the context of framing activity?
A __________ is a simplified picture that helps us understand why something happened in International Relations and the likelihood it will happen again.
A __________ is a simplified picture that helps us understand why something happened in International Relations and the likelihood it will happen again.
Match the following framing concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following framing concepts with their descriptions:
In Realist tradition, what is the primary driving force in international relations?
In Realist tradition, what is the primary driving force in international relations?
Which of the following assumptions is central to the Realist perspective in International Relations?
Which of the following assumptions is central to the Realist perspective in International Relations?
How can 'drawing parallels' contribute to both frame credibility and frame resonance?
How can 'drawing parallels' contribute to both frame credibility and frame resonance?
According to realism, what is the primary driving force behind states' actions in the international system?
According to realism, what is the primary driving force behind states' actions in the international system?
Realists believe that international organizations are the most important actors in international relations.
Realists believe that international organizations are the most important actors in international relations.
What is the concept of 'power balancing' in realist theory, and how do states typically pursue it?
What is the concept of 'power balancing' in realist theory, and how do states typically pursue it?
Realists view the international system as being in a state of ______, where there is no higher authority to enforce rules and protect states.
Realists view the international system as being in a state of ______, where there is no higher authority to enforce rules and protect states.
In the context of international relations, what does it mean for states to prioritize relative gains over absolute gains?
In the context of international relations, what does it mean for states to prioritize relative gains over absolute gains?
Power transition moments are always peaceful as rising states are typically accommodated by the dominant states without conflict.
Power transition moments are always peaceful as rising states are typically accommodated by the dominant states without conflict.
According to Gaventa, what approach is most effective for achieving transformative change?
According to Gaventa, what approach is most effective for achieving transformative change?
What is the primary consequence of the 'security dilemma' in international relations, according to realism?
What is the primary consequence of the 'security dilemma' in international relations, according to realism?
Niebuhr posited that nations are inherently more moral than individuals due to their capacity for collective good.
Niebuhr posited that nations are inherently more moral than individuals due to their capacity for collective good.
What key factor causes shifts in the relative power positions of states, leading to international change?
What key factor causes shifts in the relative power positions of states, leading to international change?
According to realists, ____________ and loyalty to the nation-state provide the foundation for the competitive states system.
According to realists, ____________ and loyalty to the nation-state provide the foundation for the competitive states system.
According to Niebuhr, what is the primary source of nationalism?
According to Niebuhr, what is the primary source of nationalism?
Realists believe that states are primarily motivated by altruism and a desire to promote global welfare.
Realists believe that states are primarily motivated by altruism and a desire to promote global welfare.
Niebuhr describes patriotism as a form of ______ that can inspire both selfless and selfish behaviors.
Niebuhr describes patriotism as a form of ______ that can inspire both selfless and selfish behaviors.
Explain the concept of 'relative gains' and why it is important in realist thought.
Explain the concept of 'relative gains' and why it is important in realist thought.
Match the concepts with their descriptions:
Match the concepts with their descriptions:
According to realism, what is the primary motivator for states in the international arena?
According to realism, what is the primary motivator for states in the international arena?
Which of the following best describes how nations use universal values, according to Niebuhr?
Which of the following best describes how nations use universal values, according to Niebuhr?
According to realism, peace and cooperation among states are possible, but they are not considered a ______ condition.
According to realism, peace and cooperation among states are possible, but they are not considered a ______ condition.
Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome of a state increasing its power, according to realist theory?
Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome of a state increasing its power, according to realist theory?
Which of the following outcomes is a potential consequence of heightened nationalism?
Which of the following outcomes is a potential consequence of heightened nationalism?
Match each type of framing with its primary function in social movements:
Match each type of framing with its primary function in social movements:
According to Benford & Snow, what is the key difference between a 'master frame' and a 'movement-specific frame'?
According to Benford & Snow, what is the key difference between a 'master frame' and a 'movement-specific frame'?
Realists universally agree that anarchy makes states bold and aggressive.
Realists universally agree that anarchy makes states bold and aggressive.
Name two of the three key elements that determine the credibility of a frame, as identified by Benford & Snow.
Name two of the three key elements that determine the credibility of a frame, as identified by Benford & Snow.
The salience of an issue to a potential target audience is solely determined by how centrally it aligns with their pre-existing beliefs, without regard to their experiential background.
The salience of an issue to a potential target audience is solely determined by how centrally it aligns with their pre-existing beliefs, without regard to their experiential background.
The three processes involved in developing a frame are: discursive processes, strategic processes, and ______ processes.
The three processes involved in developing a frame are: discursive processes, strategic processes, and ______ processes.
Which frame alignment process involves linking ideologically similar frames that are structurally unconnected?
Which frame alignment process involves linking ideologically similar frames that are structurally unconnected?
What is the primary goal of 'counterframing'?
What is the primary goal of 'counterframing'?
Which of the following is an example of 'frame amplification'?
Which of the following is an example of 'frame amplification'?
Frame extension always involves altering the core values of a movement to appeal to a broader audience.
Frame extension always involves altering the core values of a movement to appeal to a broader audience.
When a social movement reframes an issue by generating completely new understandings and meanings, this is known as frame ______.
When a social movement reframes an issue by generating completely new understandings and meanings, this is known as frame ______.
Which of the following is NOT a core tenet of the liberal tradition in international relations?
Which of the following is NOT a core tenet of the liberal tradition in international relations?
Liberals believe that history is cyclical, with humans repeatedly making the same mistakes.
Liberals believe that history is cyclical, with humans repeatedly making the same mistakes.
According to liberal IR theory, what entities are considered the primary actors in international relations, more so than states?
According to liberal IR theory, what entities are considered the primary actors in international relations, more so than states?
Liberals argue that modernization leads societies down a common path toward ______ and market society.
Liberals argue that modernization leads societies down a common path toward ______ and market society.
Match each intellectual branch of the liberal tradition with its main emphasis:
Match each intellectual branch of the liberal tradition with its main emphasis:
What is the liberal perspective on states?
What is the liberal perspective on states?
Liberals believe that states can never move past prioritizing relative gains over joint gains.
Liberals believe that states can never move past prioritizing relative gains over joint gains.
According to liberal IR theory, what forces primarily drive the process of modernization?
According to liberal IR theory, what forces primarily drive the process of modernization?
Liberals see modernization as a process that tends to take societies down a _____ path.
Liberals see modernization as a process that tends to take societies down a _____ path.
Which concept do liberals emphasize as a result of modernization and advancement?
Which concept do liberals emphasize as a result of modernization and advancement?
Which of the following best describes the core idea of Commercial Liberalism?
Which of the following best describes the core idea of Commercial Liberalism?
According to the Democratic Peace theory, democracies are inherently more peaceful in their relations with all types of governments.
According to the Democratic Peace theory, democracies are inherently more peaceful in their relations with all types of governments.
Briefly explain how Liberal Institutionalism suggests international institutions can foster cooperation between states.
Briefly explain how Liberal Institutionalism suggests international institutions can foster cooperation between states.
Transnationalism refers to the tendency of groups within countries to build cooperative associations with groups in other ______.
Transnationalism refers to the tendency of groups within countries to build cooperative associations with groups in other ______.
Match the following liberal concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following liberal concepts with their descriptions:
How does Cosmopolitanism challenge traditional views of national identity?
How does Cosmopolitanism challenge traditional views of national identity?
Neo-Liberal Institutionalism argues that international institutions are irrelevant in modern world politics.
Neo-Liberal Institutionalism argues that international institutions are irrelevant in modern world politics.
According to liberal theories, how does increased interdependence among states affect the likelihood of conflict?
According to liberal theories, how does increased interdependence among states affect the likelihood of conflict?
A key component of the democratic peace theory is that citizens in democracies bear the ______ of war.
A key component of the democratic peace theory is that citizens in democracies bear the ______ of war.
Which of the following is an example of transnationalism?
Which of the following is an example of transnationalism?
According to constructivism, what primarily shapes the interests and actions of individuals, groups, and states?
According to constructivism, what primarily shapes the interests and actions of individuals, groups, and states?
Constructivists fully disregard the role of the material setting in shaping identities.
Constructivists fully disregard the role of the material setting in shaping identities.
In constructivism, who are considered the most important actors in shaping the actions of groups and states?
In constructivism, who are considered the most important actors in shaping the actions of groups and states?
According to constructivists, the interactions of elites and the networks they operate within are important in creating and reinforcing __________ and ___________.
According to constructivists, the interactions of elites and the networks they operate within are important in creating and reinforcing __________ and ___________.
Which of the following is a core proposition of constructivism?
Which of the following is a core proposition of constructivism?
Constructivism posits that the nature of anarchy is fixed and unchangeable.
Constructivism posits that the nature of anarchy is fixed and unchangeable.
What concept aligns with liberalism's emphasis on cosmopolitanism and is compatible with constructivism?
What concept aligns with liberalism's emphasis on cosmopolitanism and is compatible with constructivism?
What is the term for the realm of private activity that lies outside the political society, where religious, ethnic, and civic groups flourish?
What is the term for the realm of private activity that lies outside the political society, where religious, ethnic, and civic groups flourish?
__________ change is a major way in which world politics evolves from era to era.
__________ change is a major way in which world politics evolves from era to era.
What is the concept that refers to the assumptions and beliefs shared by government elites about the nature of the global system and strategies of action?
What is the concept that refers to the assumptions and beliefs shared by government elites about the nature of the global system and strategies of action?
Strategic culture is uniform across all states due to globalization.
Strategic culture is uniform across all states due to globalization.
According to constructivists, what must one unpack to understand how leading states will make choices?
According to constructivists, what must one unpack to understand how leading states will make choices?
Match the element with its corresponding description within the English School of International Relations:
Match the element with its corresponding description within the English School of International Relations:
Which of the following areas do states have an interest in establishing rules, according to the English School?
Which of the following areas do states have an interest in establishing rules, according to the English School?
The wide array of norms, rules, and institutions that reflect and guide relations among states is known as ___________ __________.
The wide array of norms, rules, and institutions that reflect and guide relations among states is known as ___________ __________.
According to Marxist theory, what primarily shapes political interests and relationships?
According to Marxist theory, what primarily shapes political interests and relationships?
Marxist theory suggests that the state is a neutral actor that balances the interests of all classes equally.
Marxist theory suggests that the state is a neutral actor that balances the interests of all classes equally.
What is the ultimate goal of class conflict, according to traditional Marxist thought?
What is the ultimate goal of class conflict, according to traditional Marxist thought?
Marxist theory posits that the economic base shapes the political ________.
Marxist theory posits that the economic base shapes the political ________.
Match the following concepts from Marxist theory with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts from Marxist theory with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a primary assumption of Marxist theory?
Which of the following is a primary assumption of Marxist theory?
According to Marxist theory, class conflict is limited to within national borders and does not extend transnationally.
According to Marxist theory, class conflict is limited to within national borders and does not extend transnationally.
How do Marxists view the role of transnational businesses in world politics?
How do Marxists view the role of transnational businesses in world politics?
According to Marxists, states act to keep the world safe for ______.
According to Marxists, states act to keep the world safe for ______.
What do Marxists believe about economic relations between countries?
What do Marxists believe about economic relations between countries?
Instrumental influences of capitalism on foreign policy refer to the automatic ways in which states pursue policies that advance capitalism.
Instrumental influences of capitalism on foreign policy refer to the automatic ways in which states pursue policies that advance capitalism.
What is historical materialism?
What is historical materialism?
Which of the following best describes the Marxist view of revolution?
Which of the following best describes the Marxist view of revolution?
Structural influences of capitalism on foreign policy refer to the ways in which states automatically pursue policies that advance and protect the interests of ________.
Structural influences of capitalism on foreign policy refer to the ways in which states automatically pursue policies that advance and protect the interests of ________.
What concept do realists, liberals, and constructivists emphasize, respectively, while Marxists see politics and IR as part of capital development?
What concept do realists, liberals, and constructivists emphasize, respectively, while Marxists see politics and IR as part of capital development?
According to the concept of relative gains, what is the primary focus, even if both states involved experience benefits?
According to the concept of relative gains, what is the primary focus, even if both states involved experience benefits?
The power transition theory posits that a great power is more likely to engage in conflict when faced with a declining power.
The power transition theory posits that a great power is more likely to engage in conflict when faced with a declining power.
What is a central tenet of 'Liberal Internationalism' regarding the role of international organizations?
What is a central tenet of 'Liberal Internationalism' regarding the role of international organizations?
Democratic peace theory suggests that two democracies are unlikely to engage in war with each ______, but might against non-democracies.
Democratic peace theory suggests that two democracies are unlikely to engage in war with each ______, but might against non-democracies.
Which of the following is NOT typically emphasized by Liberal International Relations (IR) theories?
Which of the following is NOT typically emphasized by Liberal International Relations (IR) theories?
According to theories of imperialism, what is the relationship between rich and poor countries in the world-system?
According to theories of imperialism, what is the relationship between rich and poor countries in the world-system?
Match each concept with its description:
Match each concept with its description:
According to the structural theory of imperialism, what characterizes the relationship between center and periphery nations?
According to the structural theory of imperialism, what characterizes the relationship between center and periphery nations?
In the context of rank concordance, what scenario would represent the 'extreme case'?
In the context of rank concordance, what scenario would represent the 'extreme case'?
A convertibility matrix is used to demonstrate how relationships remain static and cannot be converted into other forms of relationships.
A convertibility matrix is used to demonstrate how relationships remain static and cannot be converted into other forms of relationships.
According to the theory, how can democracy in the Center contribute to effective control over the Periphery?
According to the theory, how can democracy in the Center contribute to effective control over the Periphery?
The 'perfect' form of imperialism involves complete harmony between the centers, a perfect feudal network, and a complete _______ division of labor.
The 'perfect' form of imperialism involves complete harmony between the centers, a perfect feudal network, and a complete _______ division of labor.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a primary focus of feminist perspectives in International Relations (IR)?
Which of the following is a primary focus of feminist perspectives in International Relations (IR)?
Critical theory in International Relations primarily aims to build and test empirical hypotheses about world politics.
Critical theory in International Relations primarily aims to build and test empirical hypotheses about world politics.
According to the theory, what characterizes developed countries in terms of the vertical trade index and internal inequality?
According to the theory, what characterizes developed countries in terms of the vertical trade index and internal inequality?
According to the structural theory of imperialism, what is the term for the harm caused by systems and structures rather than direct actions?
According to the structural theory of imperialism, what is the term for the harm caused by systems and structures rather than direct actions?
Defining Center and Periphery based on absolute properties remains constant and does not change over time or space.
Defining Center and Periphery based on absolute properties remains constant and does not change over time or space.
In the context of exploitation theory, what characterizes the 'Unequal Exchange' stage?
In the context of exploitation theory, what characterizes the 'Unequal Exchange' stage?
In the structural theory of imperialism, the world is divided into ______ nations and Periphery nations.
In the structural theory of imperialism, the world is divided into ______ nations and Periphery nations.
In the context of generalizing to three nations and three classes, what role can a 'go-between' nation play?
In the context of generalizing to three nations and three classes, what role can a 'go-between' nation play?
According to the theory, relations between empires primarily occur between the _______ of Centers.
According to the theory, relations between empires primarily occur between the _______ of Centers.
According to the theory, simply increasing the price of raw materials will effectively rectify the asymmetry between the Center and the Periphery.
According to the theory, simply increasing the price of raw materials will effectively rectify the asymmetry between the Center and the Periphery.
Match the following concepts from the structural theory of imperialism with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts from the structural theory of imperialism with their descriptions:
What is the core issue identified in the 'Processing Gap' that contributes to the exploitation?
What is the core issue identified in the 'Processing Gap' that contributes to the exploitation?
Which of the following is considered an international strategy for structural change, according to the theory?
Which of the following is considered an international strategy for structural change, according to the theory?
What is the 'trick' of imperialism, according to the structural theory?
What is the 'trick' of imperialism, according to the structural theory?
The theory suggests that anti-centers might boycott economic growth due to positive consequences of development.
The theory suggests that anti-centers might boycott economic growth due to positive consequences of development.
The structure that maintains and reinforces inequality between nations is referred to as the ________ Interaction Structure.
The structure that maintains and reinforces inequality between nations is referred to as the ________ Interaction Structure.
According to feminist IR, traditional theories of states and power politics have primarily been constructed by women.
According to feminist IR, traditional theories of states and power politics have primarily been constructed by women.
What is the primary role of states in the realist view of international relations?
What is the primary role of states in the realist view of international relations?
What is the aim of feminist scholars regarding traditional theories of states and power politics?
What is the aim of feminist scholars regarding traditional theories of states and power politics?
Match the type of imperialism with its description:
Match the type of imperialism with its description:
Which of the following is NOT a rule of the 'Feudal Interaction Structure'?
Which of the following is NOT a rule of the 'Feudal Interaction Structure'?
According to feminist IR, gender bias has diminished the roles and capabilities of ______ in the actual conduct of IR.
According to feminist IR, gender bias has diminished the roles and capabilities of ______ in the actual conduct of IR.
In realist theory, states balance power either internally by building military capabilities or _______ by forming alliances.
In realist theory, states balance power either internally by building military capabilities or _______ by forming alliances.
In the context of the theory, 'trade concentration' refers to Center nations diversifying their trade across multiple Periphery nations to reduce risk.
In the context of the theory, 'trade concentration' refers to Center nations diversifying their trade across multiple Periphery nations to reduce risk.
Which of the following assumptions is central to the liberal tradition of international thought?
Which of the following assumptions is central to the liberal tradition of international thought?
Which theoretical orientation is primarily challenged by the feminist critique of male-oriented assumptions about world politics?
Which theoretical orientation is primarily challenged by the feminist critique of male-oriented assumptions about world politics?
Match the following liberal theories with their descriptions:
Match the following liberal theories with their descriptions:
According to the theory, what term describes when Periphery nations primarily export only one or a few primary products?
According to the theory, what term describes when Periphery nations primarily export only one or a few primary products?
According to structural theory of imperalism, imperialism is just any form of power exertion, like military occupation or subversion.
According to structural theory of imperalism, imperialism is just any form of power exertion, like military occupation or subversion.
The mechanism that prevents alliance formation between Periphery nations, thus protecting the Center, is known as ________.
The mechanism that prevents alliance formation between Periphery nations, thus protecting the Center, is known as ________.
According to structural theory, conflict of interest exists when living conditions of parties are:
According to structural theory, conflict of interest exists when living conditions of parties are:
Structural theory of imperialism proposes two basic mechanisms through which imperialism operates. The first is Vertical Interaction Relation. What is assessed via this relation?
Structural theory of imperialism proposes two basic mechanisms through which imperialism operates. The first is Vertical Interaction Relation. What is assessed via this relation?
Which of the following best describes 'Structural Violence' according to the theory?
Which of the following best describes 'Structural Violence' according to the theory?
According to structural theory, what is the Center in the Periphery act as?
According to structural theory, what is the Center in the Periphery act as?
In political imperialism, the Periphery makes independent decisions that align with its own interests, resisting influence from the Center.
In political imperialism, the Periphery makes independent decisions that align with its own interests, resisting influence from the Center.
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of ideas, identities, and norms in shaping international relations, suggesting that concepts like 'power politics' are socially constructed?
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of ideas, identities, and norms in shaping international relations, suggesting that concepts like 'power politics' are socially constructed?
According to structural theory of imperialism, if there's no distinction between center and periphery within the nations, it's imperialism.
According to structural theory of imperialism, if there's no distinction between center and periphery within the nations, it's imperialism.
According to Marxist theory, states are neutral actors that work to balance the interests of all their citizens in the international arena.
According to Marxist theory, states are neutral actors that work to balance the interests of all their citizens in the international arena.
According to the theory, what enables Center nations to be military centers?
According to the theory, what enables Center nations to be military centers?
During the phase of ________, control is mediated by transportation and communication connecting the centers of the Center and Periphery.
During the phase of ________, control is mediated by transportation and communication connecting the centers of the Center and Periphery.
How does critical theory challenge traditional theories of international relations?
How does critical theory challenge traditional theories of international relations?
Feminist IR theory emphasizes that women are disproportionately affected by war, poverty, and ______.
Feminist IR theory emphasizes that women are disproportionately affected by war, poverty, and ______.
According to the International Organisation phase, what is an characteristic of Phase 3?
According to the International Organisation phase, what is an characteristic of Phase 3?
According to the theory, gains made in one type of imperialism cannot be readily converted into other types.
According to the theory, gains made in one type of imperialism cannot be readily converted into other types.
Match the level of analysis in international relations with its primary focus:
Match the level of analysis in international relations with its primary focus:
According to Galtung, what is the primary characteristic of imperialism?
According to Galtung, what is the primary characteristic of imperialism?
In Galtung's analysis of imperialism, there is a conflict of interest between the 'Center' of a dominant nation and the 'Center' of a subordinate nation.
In Galtung's analysis of imperialism, there is a conflict of interest between the 'Center' of a dominant nation and the 'Center' of a subordinate nation.
Explain how imperialism creates asymmetrical relationships between nations, according to Galtung.
Explain how imperialism creates asymmetrical relationships between nations, according to Galtung.
Galtung's theory suggests that exploitation begins with ______ from Periphery nations.
Galtung's theory suggests that exploitation begins with ______ from Periphery nations.
What is a vertical interaction relation in the context of Galtung's theory of imperialism?
What is a vertical interaction relation in the context of Galtung's theory of imperialism?
A feudal interaction structure encourages alliances and cooperation among Periphery nations to challenge the dominance of the Center.
A feudal interaction structure encourages alliances and cooperation among Periphery nations to challenge the dominance of the Center.
What is the purpose of 'divide and rule' as a strategy used by dominant powers?
What is the purpose of 'divide and rule' as a strategy used by dominant powers?
Which of the following is an example of cultural imperialism, according to Galtung?
Which of the following is an example of cultural imperialism, according to Galtung?
In Galtung's view, imperialism leads to ______ between the Center of the dominant nation and the Center of the subordinate nation.
In Galtung's view, imperialism leads to ______ between the Center of the dominant nation and the Center of the subordinate nation.
Which of the following best describes the transition from the Colonial Phase to the Post-Colonial Phase of imperialism?
Which of the following best describes the transition from the Colonial Phase to the Post-Colonial Phase of imperialism?
Neo-imperialism primarily operates through direct military occupation of territories.
Neo-imperialism primarily operates through direct military occupation of territories.
Name two strategies that Periphery nations can employ to reduce domination in the international system.
Name two strategies that Periphery nations can employ to reduce domination in the international system.
Reforming global institutions like the UN and IMF aims to reduce ______ in decision-making power.
Reforming global institutions like the UN and IMF aims to reduce ______ in decision-making power.
Match the following elements from the 'Truth and Lies in the War on Terror' film with their corresponding interpretations:
Match the following elements from the 'Truth and Lies in the War on Terror' film with their corresponding interpretations:
In the context of the film, what does 'communications imperialism' primarily involve?
In the context of the film, what does 'communications imperialism' primarily involve?
According to a Realist perspective, why did the US violate UN international laws during the War on Terror?
According to a Realist perspective, why did the US violate UN international laws during the War on Terror?
From a Liberal perspective, transnational alliances focused on human rights are irrelevant in international politics.
From a Liberal perspective, transnational alliances focused on human rights are irrelevant in international politics.
How might a constructivist challenge the notion of the US as the sole 'great power'?
How might a constructivist challenge the notion of the US as the sole 'great power'?
From a feminist perspective, women are often seen as ______ of war, both before, during, and after conflict.
From a feminist perspective, women are often seen as ______ of war, both before, during, and after conflict.
Which of the following concepts is central to a Marxist analysis of international relations?
Which of the following concepts is central to a Marxist analysis of international relations?
What is 'frame diffusion' as illustrated by Rita’s brother dying in the film?
What is 'frame diffusion' as illustrated by Rita’s brother dying in the film?
According to the reading 'The Moral Man & Immoral Society', elites generally abhor domestic instability because it's bad for business.
According to the reading 'The Moral Man & Immoral Society', elites generally abhor domestic instability because it's bad for business.
What is the primary difference between international and domestic politics, according to realist theory?
What is the primary difference between international and domestic politics, according to realist theory?
In realism, the concept of ______ describes a situation where one state's efforts to increase its security provoke other states to do the same, leading to an arms race.
In realism, the concept of ______ describes a situation where one state's efforts to increase its security provoke other states to do the same, leading to an arms race.
Flashcards
Politics (Lasswell's definition)
Politics (Lasswell's definition)
The struggle over who gets what, when, and how.
Government
Government
A group that governs, manages, promotes values, and makes public policies.
Political Action/Inaction
Political Action/Inaction
Taking action or not taking action, both influence outcomes.
Spaces of Power
Spaces of Power
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Closed spaces
Closed spaces
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Invited spaces
Invited spaces
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Claimed/created spaces
Claimed/created spaces
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Levels of Power
Levels of Power
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Power
Power
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Regime
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Study Notes
- Ideas shape reality and are vital in political science.
Defining Politics
- Harold Lasswell defines politics as the struggle over "who gets what, when, and how."
- Politics differs from government; government is the group administering, managing, making public policies and enforcing laws.
- All governmental actions are political.
- Everything involving humans is influenced by politics, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively.
- Political actions include both action and inaction.
- Inaction is a political choice that often favors the status quo.
- Political influence extends:
- Beyond the state (international relations).
- Within the state (comparative politics).
- Below the state (domestic politics).
- Within individual thought (political theory).
- Influence is uneven, creating power imbalances
- Political activities shape values and beliefs.
Gaventa - Spaces for Change
- Gaventa views power as multidimensional, across spaces, levels, and forms ("power cube").
- Power includes domination ("power over") and resistance/transformation (“power to”, “power within”).
- Power shapes policy processes by determining participation and whose voices are heard.
- Spaces of power are arenas for decision-making:
- Closed spaces entail decisions made by elites privately.
- Invited spaces involve authorities inviting participation.
- Claimed/created spaces are formed and controlled by less powerful actors.
- Levels of power relate to scales of authority:
- Local
- National
- Global
- Forms of power manifestation include:
- Visible power involves observable decision-making.
- Hidden power entails agenda setting behind the scenes.
- Invisible power shapes what is considered acceptable.
- Sustained change needs working across dimensions simultaneously.
- Linking demands for opening closed spaces with action in new spaces achieves change.
- Spanning local and global action is required.
- Challenging visible, hidden, and invisible power occurs concurrently for change.
- An "ensemble of strategies" across the power cube is more suited than individual strategies
Niebuhr - Moral Man and Immoral Society
- Nations are inherently selfish and less moral than individuals.
- Social groups, including nations, are more inclined to apathy and moral/ethical failure.
- Nations prioritize their own interests above others to be willingly subordinate.
- Nationalism arises from collective egoism expressing itself in a common cause.
- Nationalism gives a sense of dignity to a nation, transcending individual unselfishness.
- Patriotism blends selfless and selfish behaviors and is a "form of piety".
- Patriotism leads to both "patriotic altruism" and "imperial aggrandizement".
- It can transmute individual unselfishness into national egoism, making it both selfish and unselfish.
- Hypocrisy/self-deception in nations: rationizing selfish motivations with universal values.
- Privileged classes equate their interests with the common good exhibiting self-deception.
- Nations engage in both "patriotic altruism" and "imperial aggrandizement”, showcasing hypocrisy.
- National exceptionalism, particularly in American foreign policy, expresses self-deception.
- Hypocrisy/self-deception are inherent in nations and social groups, making ethics challenging.
Benford & Snow - Framing Processes and Social Movements
- Collective action frames are belief sets that inspire and legitimize social movement actions.
- They simplify and condense issues to mobilize support and demobilize opposition.
- Diagnostic framing identifies problems and assigns blame.
- Its attributional component identifies culpable agents.
- Prognostic framing proposes problem solutions, strategies, tactics, and targets.
- Motivational framing provides a rationale for collective action.
- It urges action to affect change.
- Master frames have broader scope than movement-specific frames.
- They act as "master algorithm" to constrain other movements.
- Frame credibility keys:
- Consistency between beliefs, claims, and actions
- Empirical credibility
- Credibility of frame articulators
- Issue salience is determined by centrality, experiential commensurability, and narrative fidelity.
- Frame development processes:
- Discursive processes (conversations)
- Strategic processes (goal-oriented framing)
- Contested processes (challenges)
- Frame alignment works via:
- Frame bridging (linking congruent frames)
- Frame amplification (reinforcing existing beliefs)
- Frame extension (expanding to include broader interests)
- Frame transformation (changing/creating meanings)
- Counterframing attempts to rebut or undermine existing frames.
- Factors influencing frame diffusion:
- Strategic fitting by movement actors
- Strategic fitting by media
- Cultural compatibility
- Frame characteristics (e.g., inclusivity)
Week 2 Key Concepts
- Power is the ability to make others get what you want via force or persuasion.
- Government is the organization of power within society.
- Regime is a specific current government.
- Four perspectives on power:
- Power 'over': influencing others to act against their will
- Power 'to': the capacity to act
- Power 'within': confidence to act
- Power 'with': ability to act together
- Power Cube dimensions:
- Spaces: closed, invited, created
- Levels: global, national, local (intertwined)
- Forms: visible (decision-making), hidden (agenda-setting), invisible (preference shaping)
- First face of power: A participates in decisions affecting B.
- Second face of power: A limits the scope of political considerations to only issues innocuous to A.
- Third face of power: A influences, shapes, or determines B's wants.
- Thought control is exerted through control of the press and indoctrination.
- To study power:
- Analyze dominant values and political procedures
- Identify who gains from the existing bias and who is handicapped
- Investigate non-decision making
Framing in Politics
- Frames are "schemata of interpretation" that enable individuals to locate, perceive, identify, and label.
- Framing happens in pictures, media content, conversations, and speeches
- Framing involves selecting aspects of reality and making them salient in text.
- Guides the selection, presentation and evaluation of information
- Frames give context and meaning to problems, actions, and events.
- Powerful since it ostensibly alters considerations used in evaluations.
- Frame types:
- Diagnostic: identify a problem
- Prognostic: offers a solution.
- Motivational: urges involvement
- Counter-frames: refutes opponents claims
- Master frames: rights, choice, injustice, etc.
- Frames succeed with:
- Frame Resonance
- Frame Credibility (consistency, empirical credibility, Frame articulators and claims-makers)
- Frame Diffusion
- Political Opportunity Structures
- Cultural Opportunities and Constraints
- Analysis of framing ties into personal experiences (frame resonance).
- Simplifies things to be relatable.
- Diagnostic framing transitions into prognostic framing.
- Parallels are drawn to enhance credibility and link with frame resonance.
- Counterframing depends on presentation and research thoroughness.
- Situations are brought back to individual situations (more land, more housing etc).
- Master frames incorporate gender equality, electoral systems.
- Connections move from global to national and back to global for strategy.
Theories of International Relations Background
- Aiming to understand root causes of conflict and cooperation and world dramas unfold.
- Theories are simplified pictures that help understand IR events and predict likelihood.
- They are analytical devices making assumptions & causal arguments, assess as more/less useful.
- Theories grouped into theoretical frameworks or traditions.
- Theoretical traditions are ways of thinking about IR and weight on what matters most.
- Each makes different assumptions leading one to assess a driving force for the understanding world politics.
The Realist Tradition
- IR is struggle for power among competing nation-states within a dangerous world.
- In an anarchic world, nation-states provide their security, competition and conflict inevitably occurs.
- Conflict resolutions shaped by the distribution of power.
- Realism assumes:
- Anarchical world exists with no higher authority, which does not mean chaos but rather states protect themselves.
- Power is currency for states in doing business in international relations.
- Security in the extent of power/interest: powerful prevail, weak submit.
- Enduring IR pattern (struggle for security & power) is due to international anarchy, not character.
- No governing authority means states fear others, causing them to seek increased power.
- States command as units that harness power and compete with other states.
- States act rationally, recognizing risks and opportunities.
- Security is central: war and violence lurk at all times.
- Foreign policy focuses on national security by scanning for threats.
- States worry about being exploited or attacked primarily.
- The search for security is competitive, so competition is inherent.
- Power is relational; strength in one state weakens others and vice-versa.
- Peace & cooperation are temporary [conflict is inherent relations among states]
Realist Propositions
- Power Balancing:
- States protect themselves in anarchy by creating countervailing power (military capabilities, coalitions).
- The rise of a powerful state triggers formation of a coalition of states seeking to protect themselves.
- Alliances:
- They are coalitions of states formed for mutual protection.
- This is the main form of cooperation among states
- Temporary associations using military to guard or deter a common foe
- Deterrence mechanisms keep peace in an anarchical setting
- Security Dilemmas:
- The fact that states exist in anarchy means intentions are unclear
- State seeks to ensure its survivability in int’l system by acquiring military power, which triggers insecurity in another state and creates arms race.
- Each simply wants to protect itself, but what looks like protection may appear aggression.
- Interplay of calculations from actions in the absence of centralised int’l government
- Relative Gains:
- The stronger a state is, the more likely it is to realize goals and guard against enemies
- Ongoing competitive game.
- States care more about relative vs absolute gains
- Power Transitions:
- Long-term historical rise and decline of states.
- International change occurs when technological innovations and economic growth shifts power
- The power transition moments are dangerous conflict is possible because rising can become dissatisfied when the existing dominant state is in decline
- It all depends on the state involved defining their interests.
- Nationalism:
- A force that motivates states, as well as a potential source of conflict.
- Shared political identity/collective fate and a community with shared history
- Provides foundation when state asks for sacrifices on behalf of the nation.
- Encourages groups of people to emphasise the differences, can lead to conflict and a community against each other.
The Liberal Tradition
- Ideas about how and why cooperation takes place
- Internal character, particularly the interests and orientation has influence with democratic and market-oriented states
- Three intellectual branches:
- Trade & its impact on IR (spread of markets creates interdependence, joint interests).
- Democratic states & their interaction (seek peaceful relations).
- Pacifying effects of law & institutions as they establish rule-based relations b/w them.
- Trade, democracy, and institutions can transform and soften.
Liberal Assumptions
- Ongoing process of modernization
- Humankind is constantly inventing
- Forces pushed forward by technology
- Individuals and groups are IR actors
- Human communities evolve.
- Democracy strengthens rule of law and cooperation.
- Potential ability to transcend old forms of war.
- Deep incentive/impulses in society to trade, bargain, negotiate and achieve exchange.
- room to seize through corporation and the like Modernization moves societies down a common path toward democracy
- It is linear with innovation happening at learning
- liberals assume their is progress: human connection with each other grows
- We are sensitive to rights and moral law eg slavery has been removed and despotic rule seem bad
Liberal Propositions
- Commercial Liberalism
- Market society and interdependence tends to pacify states; stability is more important
- Depends on cooperation/openness.
- Democratic Peace
- Democracies are less likely to do war with each other.
- Citizens choose their leaders and have accountable press.
- There are high levels of trust
- Liberal Institutionalism
- International Rules and institution has power in shaping things
- institutions are very important function of trust.
- Transnationalism
- Tendency to cooperate groups within others.
- Shape patterns within global system.
- Cosmopolitanism
- There is tendency for people to accept global leaders.
- Can break traditions out.
- Neo-Liberal Institutionalism
- International institutions flourish because they perform functions for state.
- Way to remove uncertainity
The Constructivist Tradition
- The role of ideas, what people believe
- People action based off what the world they know and believe
- Constructivist assumptions:
- Interests re not in stone
- Shaped by the identifies of actors
- What groups believe dictates to the ways they act
- elites in society is most improtant
- communication plays changing identities
- shape the way actors function
- constructivists prepositions
- " the world is what you belive it is"
- states operated in a glocal civil society
The Marxist Tradition
- Marx understand how the idustrial revulotion
- capitalism shaped politics and political life
- focus on conflict between poor and rich countries
- NOT exlipctly a theory about IR but capitalisum
- marxrists assumotions:
- politicaly relationships with in the economic system
- imopratant classes were works/ capitalist The feminist traditon, feminist thinking:
- women who are in society: they take action
The Englsih school
- Hedley Bull - sharing similarities with Realist, liberal, and constructive
- he believe there are shared interest to manage themselves
structural violence
- inequality that exists between nations
- imperalism as a domination system
- imperalism is dominated by the center nations, and its periphery
structure of imperialism
- 3 criteria:
- interest are harmony and no conflcit the trick is the center the core mechanisms of imperialism vertical interraction
Week 3 Discussion Points from Grieco et al.
Realist Tradition
- Central assumptions:
- International system is anarchic with no superior authority
- States act to ensure their survival through self-help
- Power is central and is the driving force
- Human nature is conflictual by nature
- Balance of Power:
- Aims at preventing any single state
- States balance by building power
- necessary for stability
Liberal Tradition
- Major Assumptions:
- States are actors, including international organisations, NGOs
- Cooperation and mutual benefits is possible.
- Domestic politics shape state behaviour. Also, political preferences
- Economic interdependence and democracy reduce conflict.
- Liberal IR influential propositions:
- Democratic Peace Theory democracies won't go to war with each other
- international institutions provide resolution and reduce conflicts
- economic interest creates intesive so peace through hamful interest
Constructivism Understanding International Relations
- Shaped by ideas and norms
- Arguing concepts such as power politics that can change from time with human relations
- Share norms and values to influence state behavior
Marxist View
- Lens through economics and class struggle with capital exploitation
- States are seen as instrument the capitalism as capital dominance and inequality
Critical Theory View
- Aim to empower marginal voices by addressing structurial and inequities
- Power influence how women are effective like inequality
Realism Vs Libralism World Views
- Mutual exclusives
- Power struggle don't inhibit struggles
- Different prescriptions but seeing that the reality realism more influence in the security establishment for military, while the liberal seems is in more the business
Galtung – Structural Theory of Imperialism (pp. 81 - 117)
-
- What is imperialism?
-
-Definition as more developed relations for joint benefit.
-
- Who has a harmony of interest and who has a conflict of interest?
-
-Interest is the center and it has relations, while conflict and violence
-
-Harmony of interest: Exists between the "Center" of the dominant nation and the "Center" of the subordinate nation. Both benefit from their relationship, with elites in both nations collaborating to maintain the system. Conflict of Interest: Exists between the "Periphery" of the subordinate nation and its own "Center," as well as between the "Periphery" of subordinate nations and the dominant nations. The majority in underdeveloped nations are exploited for the benefit of elites in both their own country and dominant nations.
-
- How does imperialism impact inter-actor and intra-actor effects?
-
-effects flow from the periphery while domaintant is not
-
--Imperialism creates asymmetrical relationships between dominant and subordinate nations, where resources flow from the Periphery to the Center, enriching dominant nations while impoverishing subordinate ones.
-
--Intra-Actor Effects: Within subordinate nations, imperialism increases inequality by empowering local elites (the Center within Periphery nations) while marginalizing the majority population (the Periphery within Periphery nations). This dynamic reinforces internal divisions and perpetuates social stratification.
-
- What are the three stages of exploitation?
-
-Imperialist domination
-
-Economic dependents and political influence
-
-cultural dominances perpetuates imperialist structures via economics and relations.
-
- What is a vertical interaction relation and feudal interaction structure?
-
-Power flows from violence and power
-
-Not for themselves and control external.
-
- What is divide and rule?
-
Strangeness and control over the support group.
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- What are the five types of imperialism?
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Economic relations
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Political governance
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Military dominance
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Communication imperialism
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Cultural dominance
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- What are the different phases of imperialism? Direct domination on cultural levels.
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- What strategies can be used to reduce domination in the international system? Self relations and promote local and for traditions relationships.
FILM – "Truth and Lies in the War on Terror"
Analysis within the film
- IR Theories:
- Nationalism and power:
- Imperialism leads to the US using its resources with all their intentions
- Nationalism and power:
Liberal Ideas:
Framing within:
- This could be the lack of reason.
Frame diffusion :
- Rita’s brother died – suddenly everyone is guilty of terrorism??
CLASS –
- Nation-State and Nationalism
- Modern International System
- 1648 Treaty of Westphalia:
- World consists of nation-states
- State: exclusive control over territory
- Nation: group sharing ethnicity,
- History, culture, identity
- 1648 Treaty of Westphalia:
- Nationalism: use by elects to make countries act a certain way
- Morality should be done
- There may be more moral values
- There cannot be improvements from within itself.
- Modern International System
Realist theory
- More in military security
Liberal theory
- Influenced business establishes economics between nations and the environment
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Description
Explore Harold Lasswell's definition of politics and the nuanced relationship between government and political action. Understand Gaventa's 'power cube' theory and how power operates. Learn about frame diffusion and the dimensions of power.
