Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms?
What is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms?
All living organisms are composed of at least one cell.
All living organisms are composed of at least one cell.
True
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have that allows them to replicate independently?
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have that allows them to replicate independently?
Their own DNA
Animal cells contain ______ which are involved in cell division.
Animal cells contain ______ which are involved in cell division.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the organelles with their primary functions:
Match the organelles with their primary functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organelles is only found in plant cells?
Which of the following organelles is only found in plant cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Viruses can replicate independently and are composed of one or more cells.
Viruses can replicate independently and are composed of one or more cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What model describes the structure of a cell membrane?
What model describes the structure of a cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transport requires energy?
Which type of transport requires energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Osmosis refers to the diffusion of solute molecules through a membrane.
Osmosis refers to the diffusion of solute molecules through a membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three types of endocytosis?
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
A __________ solution causes plant cells to become turgid.
A __________ solution causes plant cells to become turgid.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of solution with its effect on cells:
Match the type of solution with its effect on cells:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Which of the following molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Signup and view all the answers
The concentration of molecules remains equal on both sides of the membrane during simple diffusion.
The concentration of molecules remains equal on both sides of the membrane during simple diffusion.
Signup and view all the answers
Who is known for the first observation of 'animalcules' using a microscope?
Who is known for the first observation of 'animalcules' using a microscope?
Signup and view all the answers
What are transport proteins involved in?
What are transport proteins involved in?
Signup and view all the answers
Robert Hooke coined the term 'cell' after studying cork cells.
Robert Hooke coined the term 'cell' after studying cork cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the fine adjustment knob on a microscope?
What is the primary purpose of the fine adjustment knob on a microscope?
Signup and view all the answers
The maximum magnification of a high-power objective lens using a 10x ocular lens is _____.
The maximum magnification of a high-power objective lens using a 10x ocular lens is _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the scientists with their contributions to cell theory:
Match the scientists with their contributions to cell theory:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about microscope usage is true?
Which of the following statements about microscope usage is true?
Signup and view all the answers
The diaphragm of a microscope controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
The diaphragm of a microscope controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
Signup and view all the answers
What technique reduces air bubbles when preparing a wet mount?
What technique reduces air bubbles when preparing a wet mount?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport Study Outline
-
Scientists and Cell Theory:
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: First microscope, "animalcules"
- Robert Hooke: First compound microscope, observed cork cells, coined the term "cell"
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: All plants and animals are made up of cells.
- Rudolf Virchow: Cells come from preexisting cells.
Microscope Parts and Functions
- Ocular Lens/Eyepiece: Magnifies the image
- Objective Lenses (Scanning, Low, High Power): Magnify the image
- Body Tube: Connects eyepiece to objective lenses
- Nosepiece: Holds the objective lenses
- Coarse Adjustment: Focuses image at low power
- Fine Adjustment: Sharpens image at all powers
- Arm: Supports the microscope, used for carrying
- Base: Supports the microscope, used for carrying
- Stage: Platform for the slide
- Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place
- Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
Microscope Procedure
- Start with the lowest power (scanning).
- Use the coarse adjustment to bring the image into focus.
- Center the image before changing to a higher power.
- Use the fine adjustment knob for higher powers.
- Note image is upside down and backwards.
Calculating Total Magnification
- Multiply the ocular lens power (typically 10x) by the objective lens power.
Troubleshooting
- Image too dark: Adjust the diaphragm.
- Image fuzzy: Use the fine adjustment knob.
- Only part of the image visible at high power: Center the image before increasing power.
Techniques
- Wet Mount: Apply a coverslip at a 45-degree angle to avoid trapping air bubbles.
- Applying a stain or solution: Place a paper towel on one side of the coverslip and the stain/solution on the opposite side.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- Cells come from preexisting cells.
Exceptions to Cell Theory
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts: Have their own DNA and can replicate independently.
- Viruses: Cannot replicate on their own and are not composed of cells.
Cells and Organelles
- Prokaryotes: Simpler cells, fewer organelles, no nucleus (bacteria).
- Eukaryotes: More complex cells, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus (plants, animals, fungi, protists).
Organelles (Animal and Plant Cell):
-
Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell processes.
- Nucleolus: Ribosome production site.
- Nuclear membrane: Controls what enters and exits the nucleus.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Contains ribosomes, makes proteins.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.
- Cytoskeleton: Internal support and scaffolding.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration.
- Vacuole: Stores materials (large in plant cells).
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (plant cells only).
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division (animal cells only).
- Cell Wall: Provides support (plant cells only).
- Plasma Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Fluid inside the cell.
Cell Membrane
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Selective Permeability: Allows some substances to pass through, but not others.
- Phospholipid Bilayer: Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Proteins: Receptor, transport, and enzymes.
- Passive Transport: No energy required; molecules move from high to low concentration (diffusion and facilitated diffusion, osmosis).
- Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient. (Ex: Endocytosis/Exocytosis)
Cell Membrane Transport:
- Active transport: requires energy (ATP) to transport molecules across the membrane.
-
Passive transport: does not require energy; molecules move from high to low concentration.
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration.
-
Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Hypertonic: Solution with higher solute concentration. Water moves out of the cell.
- Hypotonic: Solution with lower solute concentration. Water moves into the cell.
- Isotonic: Solution with equal solute concentration. There is no net movement of water.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules through transport proteins.
Cell Membrane Transport: Specific Methods
-
Endocytosis: Taking materials into the cell.
- Phagocytosis: Engulfing large solid particles (e.g., food).
- Pinocytosis: Engulfing liquids.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Taking in specific molecules.
-
Exocytosis: Materials leaving the cell.
Diffusion Through a Membrane State Lab
-
Artificial Cells
- Dialysis tubing mimics selectively permeable membranes.
- Starch does not diffuse, glucose and iodine do.
- Results are observed through indicator solutions (iodine as starch indicator, Benedict's solution for glucose).
-
Red Onion Cells:
- Osmosis observations in the onion cells and effects of salt/water solution.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts of cells and cell transport. This quiz covers important scientists in cell theory and the various parts of a microscope along with their functions. Perfect for students studying biology and cell structure!
