Unit 3: Animal Diversity Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic that distinguishes animals from other organisms?

Presence of cell walls

Ability to photosynthesize

Autotrophic nutrition

Ability to capture prey (correct)

From which group of protists are animals thought to have evolved?

Flagellated protists

Choanoflagellates (correct)

Sponges

Cnidarians

What is the term for the period of rapid animal diversification?

Bilateral symmetry

Protostome development

Cambrian explosion (correct)

Radial symmetry

What is the main advantage of bilateral symmetry in animals?

Ability to move faster Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the succession of cell division without growth between divisions in animal zygotes?

Cleavage Signup and view all the answers

Which group of invertebrates has a lophophore for feeding or a trochophore larval stage?

Lophotrochozoans Signup and view all the answers

Which invertebrate group has a flat body form for a large surface area?

Flatworms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm in animals?

Coelom Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the developmental process in which the blastopore becomes the anus?

Deuterostome development Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is the only one that includes vertebrates?

Chordata Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the capillaries in the human cardiovascular system?

Where chemical exchanges occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

Open systems have a circulatory fluid called hemolymph, while closed systems have blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immune response?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right ventricle in the human cardiovascular system?

Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of atherosclerosis?

Blockage of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Malpighian tubules in insects?

To filter waste from the hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative pressure breathing?

Positive pressure breathing forces air down the trachea, while negative pressure breathing pulls air into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of immunization?

It provides long-term protection against a pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the kidneys in vertebrates?

To filter waste and regulate solute concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of nitrogenous waste produced by animals?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is common to all chordates?

Bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for holding many tissues and organs together in place?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the body?

Regulating body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is an example of a vertebrate?

Lancelet Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system in the body?

Coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

Producing trypsin and chymotrypsin for protein digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in energy storage?

Storing glycogen for energy storage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of arthropods?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Filtration of water and solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ADH in the nephron?

Increase in water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

The endocrine system uses hormones, while the nervous system uses neurons Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone is insulin?

Polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

Storage and secretion of hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of positive feedback in hormone regulation?

Oxytocin and milk release Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Coordination of endocrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Bowman's capsule in the nephron?

Surrounding the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the regulation of hormone production by opposing hormones?

Antagonistic hormone homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nephron?

Filtration and reabsorption of water and solutes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal Diversity

Common characteristics of animals:
- Can move and capture prey
- Multicellular
- No cell walls
- Heterotrophic
- Eukaryotes
Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists, with choanoflagellates being the closest living relatives
The Cambrian explosion marks a period of rapid animal diversification

Animal Body Plan

Radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry
- Most animals evolved to have bilateral symmetry, which allows for faster movement and formation of a head with sensory organs and central nervous system

Embryo Development

Animal zygotes undergo cleavage, a succession of cell divisions without growth between divisions
Cleavage leads to the formation of a blastula, often in the form of a hollow ball of cells

Animal Tissues

Only a few groups of animals have no tissue (e.g., sponges)
Most animals have germ layers that give rise to tissues and organs
- Diploblastic: ectoderm and endoderm
- Triploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
Body cavity: coelom (a cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm), hemocoel (filled with hemolymph), or no cavity at all (e.g., flatworms)

Protostome vs. Deuterostome Development

In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth
In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the anus
- Examples: echinoderms and chordates

Chordata and Invertebrates

Chordata is the only phylum of animals that includes vertebrates
Most other animals are invertebrates
Invertebrates: animals without a backbone
- Examples: Porifera (sponges), Cnidarians, Lophotrochozoans, Flatworms (Platyhelminthes), Molluscs, Annelids, Ecdysozoans, Nematodes, Arthropoda

Vertebrate Animals

Common characteristics of chordates:
- Bilateral
- Deuterostome development
- Mostly vertebrates with two groups of invertebrates
Four characteristics of chordate embryos:
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve cord
- Pharyngeal pouches (slits)
- Post-anal tail
Vertebrate examples:
- Lancelets and tunicates (invertebrate chordates)
- Hagfishes and lampreys (lacking jaws)
- Sharks and rays (oil in the liver to maintain buoyancy)
- Ray-finned and lobe-fin fish (swim bladder for buoyancy)
- Amphibians (need water and land for living, metamorphosis, frogs and salamanders)
- Reptiles (scales, shelled and amniotic eggs, ectothermic)
- Birds (endothermic, direct descendants of dinosaurs)
- Mammals (mammary glands, hair, endothermy)

Animal Form and Function

Tissues:
- Groups of cells with similar appearance and function
- Four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue:
- Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities
Connective tissue:
- Holds tissues and organs together
- Examples: tendons, ligaments, bone, adipose tissue, blood
Muscle tissue:
- Responsible for movement and contraction
- Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Nervous tissue:
- Functions in receipt, processing, and transmission of information
- Two types: neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (support cells)

Animal Nutrition

Variation in diet:
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
Food processing:
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
Digestive system:
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
Energy storage:
- Liver and muscle cells (glycogen)
- Excess energy stored in fat

Circulation and Respiration

Open and closed circulatory systems:
- Insects, arthropods, and some molluscs: open circulatory systems with hemolymph
- Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates: closed circulatory systems
Human cardiovascular system:
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
Blood circulation:
- Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
- Oxygen-rich blood returns to left atrium
- Blood flows into left ventricle and is pumped out to body
Gas exchange:
- Occurs in capillary beds
- Oxygen-poor blood from body is channeled into vena cava and reaches right atrium

Immune System

Examples of pathogens:
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Innate immunity:
- Non-specific
- Active immediately upon infection
- Barrier defenses (skin, mucus, body fluids)
- Cellular defense (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells)
- Inflammation
- Interferons
Adaptive immunity:
- Activated after innate response
- Develops more slowly
- Enhanced by previous exposure to pathogen
- T cells and B cells
Primary vs. secondary immune response:
- Immunization: protection provided by second immune response
- Vaccines are used for immunization

Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation:
- Controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss
Animal's nitrogenous waste:
- Consumption of proteins and nucleic acids causes nitrogenous waste
- Animals need to remove nitrogenous waste products by excretion
- Examples: ammonia, urea, uric acid
Key functions of most excretory systems:
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
Excretory systems:
- Malpighian tubules (used by insects and other terrestrial arthropods)
- Kidney (the excretory organs of vertebrates and some other chordates)

Hormones

Hormone:
- A secreted molecule that circulates through the body and stimulates specific cells
Communication and control in animals:
- Endocrine system: chemical signaling by hormones
- Nervous system: a network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit signals along dedicated pathways
Feedback regulation:
- Negative feedback: reduces the initial stimulus
- Positive feedback: reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response
Hormone examples:
- Oxytocin
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Growth hormone
- Thyroid hormone

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Description

Study guide covering the fundamental characteristics of animals, their evolution, and body plans. Topics include radial and bilateral symmetry, Cambrian explosion, and more.