Animal Diversity Chapter 32

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic that all animals share?

  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Presence of cell walls
  • Autotrophic nutrition
  • Ability to move and capture prey (correct)

What event marks a period of rapid animal diversification?

  • Origin of life on Earth
  • Cambrian explosion (correct)
  • Mesozoic era
  • Cenozoic era

What type of symmetry do most animals exhibit?

  • Asymmetry
  • Bilateral symmetry (correct)
  • Spherical symmetry
  • Radial symmetry

What is the term for the succession of cell divisions without growth between divisions in animal embryos?

<p>Cleavage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of sponges (Porifera)?

<p>No tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of chordates?

<p>Presence of a backbone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of development in which the blastopore becomes the anus?

<p>Deuterostome development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals has a lophophore for feeding or a trochophore larval stage?

<p>Lophotrochozoans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the formation of the anus in Deuterostomes?

<p>It forms from the blastopore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Arthropods?

<p>Segmented body with jointed appendages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for holding organs and tissues together in place?

<p>Connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

<p>To secrete fiber proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Chordate embryos?

<p>Presence of a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the swim bladder in fish?

<p>To maintain buoyancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals are characterized by their ability to metabolize at a high rate?

<p>Mammals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the amniotic egg in reptiles and mammals?

<p>To reduce dependence on water for reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Common Characteristics of Animals

  • Animals can move and capture prey, and are multicellular, eukaryotes, and heterotrophic, with no cell walls.
  • They are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists, with choanoflagellates being the closest living relatives.

Animal Body Plan

  • Radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry: most animals have bilateral symmetry, allowing for faster movement and formation of a head with sensory organs and a central nervous system.

Embryo Development

  • Animal zygotes undergo cleavage, a series of cell divisions without growth between divisions, forming a blastula.
  • The blastula is often a hollow ball of cells.

Animal Tissues

  • Only a few groups, such as sponges, have no tissue.
  • Most animals have germ layers that give rise to tissues and organs, including:
    • Diploblastic: ectoderm and endoderm.
    • Triploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
  • Body cavity types:
    • Coelom: a cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm.
    • Hemocoel: filled with hemolymph.
    • Some animals have no cavity at all, such as flatworms.

Protostome vs. Deuterostome Development

  • In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth.
  • In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the anus.

Invertebrate Animals

  • Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.
  • Examples of invertebrate phyla include:
    • Porifera (sponges): simplest animals, filter feeders, no tissue.
    • Cnidarians: true tissues, gastrovascular cavity, polyps and medusa life forms, nematocysts, radial symmetry.
    • Lophotrochozoans: have a lophophore for feeding or a trochophore larval stage.
    • Flatworms (platyhelminthes): flat body form for large surface area.
    • Molluscs: muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle.
    • Annelids: segmented worms, coelom.
    • Ecdysozoans: cuticle, molting.
    • Nematodes: have hemocoel.
    • Arthropods: segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system.

Vertebrate Animals

  • Common characteristics of chordates: bilateral, deuterostome development, mostly vertebrates with two groups of invertebrates.
  • Four characteristics of chordate embryos:
    • Notochord.
    • Dorsal nerve cord.
    • Pharyngeal pouches (slits).
    • Post-anal tail.
  • Examples of vertebrate groups:
    • Hagfishes and lampreys: lacking jaws.
    • Shark and ray: oil in the liver to maintain buoyancy.
    • Ray-finned and lobe-fin fish: swim bladder for buoyancy.
    • Amphibians: need water and land, metamorphosis.
    • Reptiles: scales, shelled and amniotic eggs, ectothermic.
    • Birds: endothermic, direct descendants of dinosaurs.
    • Mammals: mammary glands, hair, endothermy.

Animal Form and Function

  • Tissues: groups of cells with a similar appearance and function.
  • Four types of tissues:
    • Epithelial tissue: covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
    • Connective tissue: holds tissues and organs together in place.
    • Muscle tissue: responsible for movement and contractions.
    • Nervous tissue: responsible for communication and coordination.
  • Functions of specific tissues:
    • Fibroblasts: secrete fiber proteins.
    • Macrophages: engulf foreign particles.

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