Unit 1: 1870-1914 Immigration

Unit 1: 1870-1914 - Immigration

• Who Came? European settlers (Britain, Ireland, Eastern Europe) were encouraged to populate the West.
• Who Was Excluded? Chinese immigrants faced a head tax. Black and South Asian immigrants faced societal racism and policies that discouraged them. Africville, a Black community in Nova Scotia, was forcibly removed in the 1960s.
• Push and Pull Factors: Poverty and lack of opportunity in Europe pushed people to leave; promises of free land in Canada pulled them in.
• Residential Schools: Established in the 1870s to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. These schools involved forced removal, abuse, loss of Indigenous languages, and traditions. Long-term impacts include intergenerational trauma.
• Sir John A. Macdonald: First Prime Minister of Canada (1867-1873, 1878-1891). He encouraged immigration and railway construction but also supported policies that were controversial, such as residential schools and restrictive policies against Indigenous and Chinese immigrants.
• Treatment of Immigrants: Non-European immigrants often received the most dangerous and low-paying jobs, and faced racism.
• Technology: The growth of railways (e.g., Canadian Pacific Railway) connected Canada coast-to-coast. This, coupled with industrialization, led to more factories, urbanization, and innovations like electric lighting.

Unit 2: 1914-1918 - World War I

• Causes of WWI (MANIA):
  • Militarism: Building up armed forces (e.g., Germany's navy).
  • Alliances: Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia) vs. Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
  • Nationalism: Ethnic groups (e.g., Serbs) desiring independence.
  • Imperialism: Competition for colonies.
  • Assassination: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed in Sarajevo (1914).

Unit 3: 1918-1939 - Interwar Years

• Suffragette Movement: Women like Nellie McClung fought for voting rights, with Manitoba being the first province to grant women suffrage in 1916.
• Winnipeg General Strike (1919): Workers demanded better wages and conditions. The strike ended with violence ("Bloody Saturday").
• Stock Market Crash (1929): Caused by speculation and buying stocks on margin, leading to the Great Depression.
• Life During the Depression: Mass unemployment (30%), unemployment relief camps (poor conditions), and many traveled by train ("Riding the Rails").
• Dust Bowl: Severe droughts and dust storms in the Prairies, leading to crop failures and farmer displacement.
• Jazz Age (1920s): A cultural shift with jazz music, flappers (women rejecting traditional norms), and a more carefree lifestyle.

Unit 4: 1939-2022 - World War II and Beyond

• Hitler's Rise to Power: Blamed the Treaty of Versailles for Germany's struggles, used propaganda and promises of economic recovery, and built a strong military following.
• Blitzkrieg: A German military tactic featuring fast-moving forces and overwhelming power.
• Major Canadian Battles in WWII: Dunkirk (1940), Dieppe (1942), D-Day (1944).
• Japanese Internment: Following Pearl Harbor (1941), Japanese Canadians were forcibly relocated and placed in internment camps.
• The Holocaust: Nazi-led genocide targeting Jews, Romani, disabled individuals, and others; six million Jews were murdered.
• The Cold War (1945-1991): Ideological conflict between the U.S. (capitalism) and the Soviet Union (communism), involving the arms race and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• The Quiet Revolution (1960s): A period of social and political change in Quebec aimed at strengthening Quebec nationalism and secularization.

Explore the complexities of immigration to Canada between 1870 and 1914. This quiz covers who arrived, who was excluded, and the push and pull factors underlying these movements. It also delves into the controversial policies related to Indigenous peoples and the role of key historical figures like Sir John A. Macdonald.