141 Questions
What is deviance?
Both criminal behavior and noncriminal behavior disapproved by society
Why does crime receive more attention than other types of deviance?
Because it is formally controlled by the criminal justice system
What factor influences the fraction of crimes reported to the police?
The severity of the crime
Why is Canada's homicide rate lower compared to the United States?
Due to fewer handguns in Canada
What influences changes in crime statistics according to the text?
Police discretion and actual incidence of crimes
In what cases do people tend to report crimes more frequently?
Homicides and major property losses
What is the term used by sociologists to describe the gap between the number of crimes committed and the number of crimes punished?
Crime funnel
What is the main reason why victimization surveys are considered a more reliable reflection of crime in society compared to reported rates?
They cover crimes that escape notice
What is 'governmentality'?
The way people in power influence behavior through norms
Why do some people undergo dangerous strategies like bleaching their skin or cosmetic surgery?
To meet unrealistic appearance norms
What factor contributes to most cultures socializing women to feel the effects of appearance norms more strongly?
Value placed on beauty by men
Appearance deviations typically lead to which of the following?
Social exclusion
What is the main goal behind rules like students wearing uniforms in some schools, according to the text?
To achieve uniformity in appearance
How does Michel Foucault describe the internalization of rules in modern society?
'Governmentality'
Why do appearance norms influence everyone in society?
To exert control and achieve uniformity
Which substance is highlighted in the text as potentially being a driver of the fentanyl crisis?
Prescription opioids
What is a key point made in the text about how society views drug abuse?
Media portrayal of drug addicts influences public perception of drug abuse.
What is the main point of Stanley Cohen's concept of moral panic?
Moral panics are controversies that threaten societal values and interests.
How does the text suggest that society socially invents crime and deviance?
By ignoring some problems that may be serious and focusing on trivial ones.
Why does the text suggest that the media portrayal of drug addicts impacts public perception of drug abuse?
To reinforce stereotypes and fears about drug addiction.
What was the main goal behind Canada's legalization, regulation, and restriction of cannabis use according to the text?
To keep cannabis out of the hands of Canadian youth and prevent organized crime from profiting
How did the growing acceptance and reduced social stigma around cannabis influence its legal status in Canada?
It resulted in increased cannabis use which led to legal changes
According to the Conflict Theory, who is more likely to be punished under criminal laws?
Indigenous and racialized people
What is one of the main concerns regarding Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States as mentioned in the text?
High levels of homicide and violence
How does sociological approaches to deviance and crime differ from psychological approaches?
They focus on external factors outside the individual actors
What is one reason mentioned in the text why people might engage in deviant behavior like stealing?
Unemployment or low income
Which group is noted in the text as having the highest homicide rate among any racial and ethnic group in Canada and the United States?
'Indigenous peoples'
How did the legalization of cannabis in Canada influence its accessibility?
'It increased availability through legal channels'
What did the Cannabis Act aim to achieve by legalizing cannabis according to the text?
'To direct some profits into government hands through taxation'
What is a common emotion experienced by women disclosing sexual assault, especially if the interviewing officer handles the interview poorly?
Shame
Why may a woman be victimized a third time in court according to the text?
To make her the subject of blame
What is one reason mentioned in the text for many sexual assault crimes going unreported?
Lack of evidence
Why may police label some sexual assault cases as 'unfounded' according to the text?
Weak evidence
Who are more likely to be victims of sexual offences in Canada according to the text?
Both A and C
Which group of women is mentioned as being more likely than others to experience sexual violence in the text?
All of the above
According to Robert Merton's strain theory, criminal behavior stems from:
The lack of legitimate opportunities combined with a desire for material success
How does feminist theory differ from conflict theory in terms of focus?
Feminist theory focuses on gender inequality, while conflict theory focuses on economic opportunity
What does the text suggest about the role of crime in the context of limited opportunities?
Crime is a rational response to limited opportunities
Why do women commit certain crimes more frequently than men?
Due to societal expectations
What is the significance of an intersectional approach in understanding crime among women in Canada?
It emphasizes the importance of considering multiple factors like gender and ethnicity in analyzing crime rates
Why are Indigenous women overrepresented as perpetrators of violent crime in Canada?
Due to historical and structural factors like colonialism impacting their situation
What do statistics suggest about female offenders in Canada over the past several decades?
They account for less than 25% of completed court cases
In terms of criminal offenses, how do women compare to men in Canada?
Women are more likely than men to commit specific types of offenses like fraud and assault
What does victimization refer to according to feminist researchers?
Becoming a victim of unjust treatment like sexism or racism
What does the text imply about the risk of violent victimization between males and females?
Females have about a 20% higher risk even when controlling for other factors
What is the primary purpose of medicalizing deviance?
To reduce stigma attached to deviant behaviors
Sex work is considered deviant because:
It reflects and preserves gender inequality
How does medicalization differ in the context of cosmetic surgery compared to suicide?
It removes stigma for cosmetic surgery but not for suicide
Why do conflict theorists believe that sex work is often a result of inequality?
Because sex workers lack access to preferable job opportunities
How does sex work impact the family lives of female sex workers?
It causes role strain and societal double standards
What age group is most likely to start engaging in sex work?
Under 14 years old
What is the major challenge faced by many female sex workers according to the text?
Balancing the roles of motherhood and sex work
What is the relationship between medicalization and cosmetic surgery?
Medicalization frames cosmetic surgery as a medical concern
Why does Durkheim believe that criminals and outcasts serve a purpose in society?
To remind others of society's rules and encourage conformity.
According to Durkheim, what term describes the state of individuals lacking clear social norms?
Anomie
What does control theory propose as the reason why individuals follow societal rules?
When they believe they will benefit from following the rules.
How does Durkheim's concept of anomie relate to suicide rates according to the text?
Anomie contributes to higher social distress and increased suicide rates.
What does the text suggest is a reason religious people are less likely to die by suicide according to Durkheim?
Enhanced sense of community and moral guidance
How does control theory explain why most people do not act on their criminal impulses?
Most people believe they will not benefit from acting on criminal impulses.
What does subculture theory help to explain regarding violence among young males?
Why young males have a tendency to challenge each other to violent combat.
What role do guns play in subcultures that emphasize upholding family and personal honor?
They represent honor, power, identity, and manhood.
What is one reason criminologists believe there is more fear of violent crime than the frequency justifies?
People's perception of violent crime is inaccurate.
Who is more likely to commit violent crimes?
Poor young men.
In Indigenous communities, what breakdown is mentioned as contributing to violence against Indigenous women?
Breakdown of traditional social controls due to colonization.
'Tribal nations … had governments … they were effective.' What does this quote from Deer (2016) suggest about Indigenous societies?
'They had well-functioning governmental systems.'
'When we had investigations and prosecutions, they were very victim centered….' What was the approach towards crime in Indigenous societies according to Deer (2016)?
'They were victim-centered.'
'Traditionally, violence against women was not tolerated in most of our indigenous societies.' What does this indicate about the cultural norms of Indigenous communities?
'They had strict norms against violence.'
What is the primary role of moral entrepreneurs in identifying social problems?
Ignoring most potential social problems
What is a possible outcome when society lacks stable, nonviolent means of preserving peace?
Rise in the rate of violent crime
How do sociologists view deviance and crime according to symbolic interactionism?
As social constructs framed by moral entrepreneurs
What does the decrease in serious crime between 2004 and 2014 mirror according to Statistics Canada?
Fall in the proportion of men in the population aged 15 to 35
What factor is highlighted as essential in influencing the rate of violent crime according to the text?
A only
How does the strengthening of the state impact violence levels in society?
Decreases violence by providing more opportunities for people
How do Functionalists suggest crime strengthens social cohesion?
By uniting people through shared values
What does Symbolic Interactionism suggest about deviance as a social accomplishment?
It is shaped by socialization and labelling.
According to conflict theory, what is the main response to conflict, change, and inequality?
Increased rates of violence
According to Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency, what is the most important factor influencing a child's involvement in crime?
Relationship with parents
What is the term used to describe the tendency of the media to grant victim status to some groups but not others?
Hierarchy of Victimization
What is a key element of the 'social bond' developed in early life that contributes to social control according to the text?
Attachment
White-collar crimes are primarily motivated by:
Making a living
What is one of the consequences faced by small and medium-sized American businesses due to inadequate email security?
Being vulnerable to phishing scams
According to Edwin Sutherland, how do people learn deviance and crime?
Through communication with and rewards from people who regularly engage in deviant behavior
Professional criminals direct most of their violence towards:
Other professional criminals
What is a central idea behind labelling theory?
Labelling someone as deviant increases the risk of deviant behavior
What is the likely outcome regarding fraud, theft, impersonation, and extortion in the future according to the text?
An increase in these crimes
In symbolic interactionism, how do people learn how to take part in society?
Through social games, coordinated roles, and expecting and responding to others' role-play
What distinguishes corporate crime from other forms of white-collar crime mentioned in the text?
All of the above
What group is often underrepresented in news coverage of crime according to the text?
Indigenous Women
What is the main focus of differential association theory according to the text?
The impact of deviant relationships on behavior
Offshore banks are primarily used by white-collar criminals for:
Hiding and laundering money
How do symbolic interactionists define deviance?
As a social label used for stigmatization
Human trafficking is associated with which two types of crimes according to the text?
Organized crime and political corruption
What do symbolic interactionists suggest is essential for framing social problems like deviance?
'Moral panics'
What is the main motivation behind most nonviolent crimes as explained in the text?
Acquiring money or property
What is one key aspect of learning deviant skills according to Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory?
Developing favorable definitions of deviance
'Amateur crime' typically refers to crimes committed by individuals who:
Operate on the streets rather than in a professional capacity
'Transnational organizations such as the Mafia' are highlighted for primarily engaging in which type of profitable businesses?
Money laundering and pornography
What is one of the key reasons why white-collar crimes are considered a global problem according to the text?
They undermine economies, governments, and societies worldwide.
What type of crimes are often referred to as street crimes in the text?
Property crimes
What technology has been developed by Clearview AI to assist law enforcement?
Facial recognition app
What is a common characteristic of street crimes as mentioned in the text?
Carried out in public areas
How do small businesses differ from large companies in terms of cybercrime vulnerability?
Small businesses are more often victims of cybercrime
What is a key impact of the information society on crime detection mentioned in the text?
Enhanced crime prediction capabilities for police
How do property crime rates compare to violent crime rates according to Statistics Canada?
Property crimes occur more frequently
What type of criminals usually carry out street crimes according to the text?
'Part-time' or amateur criminals
Why are on-reserve crime rates higher compared to the rest of Canada?
There are fewer policing resources available on reserves.
Who experiences violent victimization at more than double the rate of non-Indigenous people in Canada?
Indigenous women
What theory connects the victimization of Indigenous women to sociological concepts?
Routine activity theory
What percentage of homicide victims in Canada accounted for Indigenous people in 2015?
25%
Why does being Indigenous remain a risk factor for violent victimization even when controlling for other risk factors?
As a result of systemic and historical factors.
What do statistics suggest about Indigenous women's overall violent victimization compared to non-Indigenous women?
Triple higher for Indigenous women
What is the primary purpose of the Panopticon prison design according to the text?
To create uncertainty in prisoners about whether they are being watched
What is one major concern raised in the text about the compulsory wearing of uniforms in institutions using bodily discipline?
It could result in a loss of individuality and identity
What is the main focus of restorative justice as described in the text?
Restoring balance between offenders, victims, and communities
In a disciplinary society as mentioned in the text, where is surveillance most prevalent?
Everywhere from hospitals to public spaces
What sets restorative justice apart from traditional punitive justice systems?
Emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment
How does increased surveillance in disciplinary institutions contribute to self-regulation among individuals?
By creating a sense of uncertainty about being watched
What did Donald Clemmer's prisonization theory propose?
Prisons incapacitate prisoners by degrading them.
According to Michel Foucault, what is the main goal of prison?
To control people through surveillance and discipline.
In terms of deterrence, what is a commonly accepted purpose of prison?
Preventing people from committing crimes.
What was one of the earliest forms of deterrence mentioned in the text?
Capital punishment (death penalty)
Why do rehabilitation efforts focus on providing support and supervision in prisons?
To help convicted criminals become law-abiding members of society.
What did sociologist Donald Clemmer suggest about the effect of prisonization on inmates?
Prison degrades them, reducing competence and confidence.
What did Michel Foucault suggest is the goal of prison discipline?
To mold obedient individuals through control and surveillance.
Why do many prisoners end up back in prison according to the text?
Because harsh prison treatment often leads to recidivism.
According to routine activity theory, why are workplaces considered hot spots of victimization?
Presence of motivated offenders in the absence of guardians
Under routine activity theory, what demographic group is at a higher risk of being victims of violent crime?
Young people
In routine activity theory, what are 'hot spots' mainly defined as?
Areas where crimes occur due to lack of guardians or deterrents
What does victim precipitation theory suggest regarding victimization?
Victims unknowingly provoke offenders
What is one characteristic that heightens one's vulnerability as a suitable target under routine activity theory?
Psychological distress
Which demographic group mentioned in the text is identified as being at a higher risk of victimization than average?
Single people
'Total institutions' mentioned in the text are defined as places that:
Are cut off from larger society and continuously monitored
'Target antagonism' in routine activity theory refers to a characteristic like:
'An ethnic or racial identity'
'Target gratifiability' in routine activity theory involves a characteristic that the attacker finds appealing about the victim. Which of the following best exemplifies this concept?
'A feature the attacker finds appealing as a target'
How does the routine activity theory explain the victimization of Indigenous women and girls in Canada?
By focusing on the lack of able and willing guardians in hot spots where Indigenous women are located.
Why do some Indigenous women find it challenging to leave abusive spouses or report on-the-job harassment?
Because they fulfill many criteria cited by routine activity theory, raising risks of victimization.
How do transient workers in extractive industries contribute to violence against Indigenous women and girls?
By increasing social ills and sexual violence due to their behaviors in nearby communities.
What is one impact of rotational shift work on local families according to the text?
It puts pressure on families, increasing levels of domestic violence.
What characteristic of workplaces contributes to the increased vulnerability of Indigenous women according to the text?
'Hypermasculine' and male-dominated environments.
What role do extractive industries play in relation to violence against Indigenous women according to Melina Laboucan Massimo?
'Man camps' associated with extractive industries contribute to victimization of Indigenous women.
'Blaming the victim' often leads to individualistic explanations rather than structural ones. What does this imply regarding understanding crime and victimization?
'Blaming the victim' may overlook systemic issues contributing to crime and harm.
Explore the historical and structural factors contributing to violence against Indigenous peoples, with a focus on colonialism and societal organization. Learn about conflict theories that discuss criminal behavior as rational.
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