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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is most essential for defining a nation?

  • A unified military force and defense strategy.
  • A shared identity, culture, and historical experience. (correct)
  • A shared geographical location and climate.
  • A common economic system and trade agreements.

What is the primary basis of identity in an ethnic nation?

  • Adherence to a specific political ideology.
  • Commitment to a universal legal framework.
  • Shared ethnicity, culture, religion, and language. (correct)
  • Economic interdependence and trade relations.

What is the core foundation of a civic nation?

  • Uniformity in cultural practices and social customs.
  • Shared political values and commitment to legal institutions. (correct)
  • Centralized economic planning and resource allocation.
  • Attachment to a particular ancestral homeland.

What is the defining feature of a territorial nation?

<p>A connection to a specific geographic region or territory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most indicative of a historical nation?

<p>A shared past including myths of origin and collective memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kant's philosophy of self-determination influence the concept of nations?

<p>By arguing that nations, like individuals, should have the freedom to make their own choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle behind the concept of a social contract?

<p>The legitimization of political authority through an agreement between the people and the state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hobbes, what do individuals sacrifice when entering a social contract?

<p>Their natural freedoms in exchange for protection by the state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rousseau, what is the source of legitimate authority in a society?

<p>The collective general will of the people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kant's perspective on the role of government in relation to its citizens?

<p>The government should respect citizens' inherent moral dignity and ensure laws are rationally justified and consented to. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two historical models of nationhood?

<p>Ethnic and political (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'state' in political terms?

<p>A political entity with a defined territory, government, and sovereignty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a collectivist ethnic nation?

<p>Emphasis on shared ancestry, cultural heritage, and inherited national identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key trait of a collectivist civic nation?

<p>Emphasis on shared political values and collective duty to the nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of an individualistic civic nation?

<p>Emphasis on individual rights, personal choice in national identity, and inclusive civic participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ius sanguinis in the context of nationhood?

<p>It is also known as 'law of blood' and is linked to ethnic nationhood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nationhood is most commonly associated with collectivist values?

<p>Ethnic nationhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ius soli in determining citizenship?

<p>Citizenship is granted to those born within the territory of a nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'home nations' exemplify the complexities of national identity within the UK?

<p>They illustrate how citizenship can be British while nationality reflects distinct ethnic and cultural identities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the traditionalist/historical approach to understanding nations?

<p>Nations emerge organically from existing social realities and historical roots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of the modernist/constructivist approach to nations?

<p>Nations are 'imagined communities' constructed for political purposes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Durkheim's concept of society as 'god' relate to nationalism?

<p>Nationalism, like religion, serves as a unifying force and creates a moral order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nationalism redirect people's efforts from the 'eternal to the temporal'?

<p>By shifting focus from afterlife to material progress and earthly societal goals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key implication of shifting focus from the 'eternal to the temporal' in the context of nationalism?

<p>It ties people's sense of purpose and meaning to national progress rather than divine salvation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does popular sovereignty differentiate nationalism from traditional religious structures?

<p>Nationalism empowers the people as equals, contrasting with religion's hierarchical nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes nationalism a secular idea?

<p>It bases legitimacy on the will of the people and promotes equal citizenship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists Greenfeld and Eastwood's three types of nationhood?

<p>Collectivist ethnic, collectivist civic, individualistic civic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on Greenfeld and Eastwood's typology, what type of nationhood does Japan exemplify?

<p>Collectivist ethnic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nationhood is most exemplified by North America, according to Greenfeld and Eastwood?

<p>Individualistic civic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Ernest Gellner's statement 'Nationalism invents nations where they do not exist' challenge traditional views of nationhood?

<p>It proposes that nationalism actively constructs nations rather than reflecting pre-existing national identities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core belief of the primordialist perspective on nations?

<p>Nations are deeply rooted in history with longstanding ethnic, cultural, and linguistic ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perennialism differ from primordialism in its understanding of nations?

<p>Perennialism acknowledges nations as long-lasting but not always fixed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes that national identity is inherited and exclusive?

<p>Collectivist ethnic nation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept aligns with the idea that individuals participate in shaping laws and policies within a nation?

<p>Rousseau's social contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which approach to creating nations is a nation regarded as an 'imagined community'?

<p>Modernist/constructivist approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes individual rights and personal choice in national identity?

<p>Individualistic civic nationhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept aligns with Kant's view that the government should treat citizens as 'ends' and not merely as 'means'?

<p>Kant’s social contract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to understanding nations emphasizes organic development and existing social reality?

<p>Traditionalist historical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests that nations are invented to justify the rise of nation-states?

<p>Modernist/constructivist approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the collective decision-making of the people?

<p>Social contract for Rousseau (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is closely associated with civic nationhood?

<p>Ius soli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a key characteristic that defines a nation?

<p>Uniform economic status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is most indicative of the 'modernist' approach to understanding nations?

<p>Nations are constructed for political purposes, often by elites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'general will,' as described by Rousseau, relate to civic nationhood?

<p>The 'general will' reflects the collective decision-making of the people, giving legitimacy to the government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between 'ius sanguinis' and 'ius soli' in determining national membership?

<p>'Ius sanguinis' is based on ancestry or 'blood,' while 'ius soli' is based on birthplace or 'land'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Gellner's quote, 'Nationalism invents nations where they do not exist,' challenge traditional views of nations?

<p>It posits that nationalism is a modern phenomenon that constructs nations for specific purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept from Durkheim's work is most applicable to the understanding of nationalism as a unifying force?

<p>Collective effervescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hobbes' social contract theory, what is the primary trade-off individuals make when entering into a state of governance?

<p>Trading some individual freedoms for state protection and order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the traditionalist approach view the relationship between the nation and the state?

<p>The nation exists independently of the state, often based on ethnic and cultural ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between collectivist ethnic and collectivist civic nations?

<p>Collectivist ethnic nations emphasize shared ancestry, while collectivist civic nations emphasize shared political values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aligns with Kant's conception of the social contract?

<p>Laws must be rationally justified and respect the inherent dignity of citizens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the redirection of efforts from the 'eternal' to the 'temporal' relate to the rise of nationalism?

<p>It shifts focus from afterlife concerns to societal progress and national advancement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'popular sovereignty' challenge traditional hierarchical structures?

<p>By asserting that power originates from the people rather than divine authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the 'Home Nations' within the United Kingdom?

<p>They exemplify how political definitions can also encompass ethnic and cultural distinctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is most characteristic of an individualistic civic nation?

<p>Emphasis on individual rights and inclusive civic participation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the idea of nations as 'imagined communities' relate to the constructivist approach?

<p>It posits that nations are socially constructed and rely on shared narratives and symbols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nationalism as a secular ideology?

<p>Focusing on earthly concerns, popular will, and equality of citizenship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a 'territorial nation' primarily define its national identity?

<p>Through a connection to a specific geographic region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might economic and industrial changes contribute to the rise of nationalism, according to modernist perspectives?

<p>By creating a need for standardized education, bureaucracy, and a unified national identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is most closely associated with the idea that national identity is 'fixed, natural, and inherited'?

<p>Primordialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does 'nationalism as a civil religion' manifest in civic nations?

<p>Through the veneration of secular symbols, rituals, and collective moral order. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication arises from shifting the focus from the eternal to the temporal in the context of nationalism?

<p>A shift towards earthly goals, national progress, and political power as primary objectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes civic nationhood from ethnic nationhood?

<p>Civic nationhood is rooted in political values and legal frameworks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'collective memory' in defining a historical nation?

<p>Collective memory provides a shared understanding of the past, shaping identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Kant's concept of self-determination relate to the idea of nations?

<p>Every nation, like an individual, should have the freedom to make its own choices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what should be the guiding principle for a government in relation to its citizens?

<p>The government should treat citizens as rational individuals with inherent moral dignity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a 'state'?

<p>A defined territory, government, and sovereignty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a traditionalist interpret the formation of a nation such as the Quebecois in Canada?

<p>As an organically developed entity rooted in a shared culture and history. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perennialism differ from primordialism in explaining nations?

<p>Perennialism sees nations as long-lasting but not always fixed, whereas primordialism sees them as deeply-rooted and fixed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'ius soli' in the context of nationhood?

<p>It links citizenship to the place of birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes a national identity that is inherited and exclusive?

<p>Collectivist ethnic nationhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ernest Gellner, what societal change primarily catalyzed the emergence of nationalism?

<p>Industrialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the framework of types of nationhood, what characteristics define Japan?

<p>Collectivist ethnic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a 'historical nation'?

<p>A community with shared myths of origin and collective memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that binds an ethnic nation together?

<p>Common culture, religion, language and ethnicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational element is at the core of a civic nation?

<p>Shared political values and institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily defines a territorial nation?

<p>Connection to a specific region or geographic area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social contract theory, what do individuals surrender to the state, according to Hobbes?

<p>Some natural freedoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most influences the sense of belonging within a nation?

<p>Shared identity, culture, and historical experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ethnic nation, which element is typically the LEAST emphasized?

<p>Commitment to a legal framework (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a civic nation from other forms of nationhood?

<p>Commitment to shared political values and institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a territorial nation primarily establish its national identity?

<p>Via connection to a specific geographic region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a nation is highlighted by the concept of 'collective memory'?

<p>Shared past and origin myths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kant's philosophy of self-determination influence the understanding of nations?

<p>By applying the idea of moral freedom to collective national entities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hobbes' social contract theory, what is the primary role of the state?

<p>To provide protection in exchange for some individual freedoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rousseau, where does a government's legitimacy originate?

<p>From the collective decision-making of the people (general will). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what ethical guideline should governments follow in their treatment of citizens?

<p>Governments must treat citizens as ends in themselves, respecting their dignity and rationality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the historical models of nationhood generally differ?

<p>One emphasizes shared ancestry while the other stresses political values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate definition of a 'state' in political science?

<p>A political entity with a defined territory, government, and sovereignty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a collectivist ethnic nation?

<p>Emphasis on shared ancestry, cultural heritage, and exclusive national identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is central to the idea of a collectivist civic nation?

<p>Shared political values, collective identity, and duty to the nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an individualistic civic nation differ from a collectivist one?

<p>It emphasizes individual rights, personal choice, and inclusive civic participation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'ius sanguinis' as a principle of nationality?

<p>It confers citizenship based on ancestry or bloodline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nationhood typically aligns with collectivist values?

<p>Ethnic nationhood emphasizing shared heritage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of 'ius soli' in determining citizenship?

<p>Citizenship is granted based on the location of one's birth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the 'Home Nations' exemplify the interplay between national and state identity?

<p>They represent distinct national identities coexisting within a single state (British), creating complex affiliations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach views nations as organically developed entities with deep historical roots?

<p>Traditionalist/Historical approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Gellner argue that 'Nationalism invents nations where they do not exist'?

<p>To emphasize nationalism's role in constructing and shaping nations, especially in the context of modernity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a nation?

A group sharing identity, culture, and historical experience, creating a sense of belonging.

Ethnic nation

Based on shared ethnicity, culture, religion, and language.

Civic Nation

Based on shared political values, institutions, and commitment to a legal framework.

Territorial Nation

Connection to a specific geography or region.

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Historical Nation

Shared past, often myths of origin, and collective memory.

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Self-Determination (Kant)

Nations are collectively 'free persons' and can make free and moral choices.

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Social Contract

Concept legitimizing political authority and the relationship between people and the state.

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Social Contract for Hobbes

Individuals sacrifice some natural freedoms for state protection, granting the government absolute power.

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Social Contract for Rousseau

People achieve freedom by participating in shaping laws and policies through collective general will.

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Social Contract for Kant

Society is necessary for justice, based on rational laws consented to by the people. Government respects citizens' dignity.

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Two historical models of nationhood

Ethnic and political.

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State

Political entities with defined territory, government, and sovereignty.

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Collectivist ethnic

Emphasis on shared ancestry and cultural heritage; national identity is inherited and exclusive.

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Collectivist civic

Shared political values and institutions with an emphasis on collective identity and duty to the nation.

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Individualistic civic

Individual rights, personal choice in national identity, and inclusive civic participation.

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Ius sanguinis

"Law of blood" connected to ethnic nationhood.

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Ethnic nations: collectivist or individualist?

Collectivist.

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Ius soli

"Law of the land" related to civic nationhood.

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Home nations

Refers to the political definitions between the British: Scottish, English, Welsh, and Irish.

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Traditionalist approach to creating nations

Organically developed, existing social reality; nation is historic, culturally homogenous, built on ethnic communities.

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Modernist/constructivist approach to creating nations

Nation is an 'imagined community,' a theoretical construct made up for political aims by dominant elites.

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Nationalism as a civil religion

Nationalism holds the same unifying role in society that religion does, creating collective effervescence and moral order.

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People efforts being redirected from the eternal and the temporal

Nationalism promotes societal progress in the material world, redirecting devotion to the nation as the highest authority.

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Implication of moving from the eternal to temporal?

Nationalism provides meaning and purpose tied to political power, economic structures, and national progress.

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Popular sovereignty

Power emerges from the people, seeing all members of the nations as equals.

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Nationalism as a secular idea

Focuses on earthly concerns, bases legitimacy on the will of the people, and promotes equality of citizenship.

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Three types of nationhood

Collectivist ethnic, collectivist civic, individualistic civic.

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What type of nationhood is Japan?

Collectivist ethnic.

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What kind of nationhood is North America?

Individualistic civic.

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Ernest Gellner quote

Nationalism does not emerge because nations naturally exist; it actively shapes and constructs them.

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Primordial nation idea

Nations are deeply rooted in history with ethnic, cultural, and linguistic ties; national identity is fixed, natural, and inherited.

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Perrenialism

Nations are long-lasting but not always fixed.

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Study Notes

  • A nation is a group sharing a common identity, culture, and historical experience, fostering a sense of belonging.

Ethnic Nation

  • Based on shared ethnicity, culture, religion, and language.

Civic Nation

  • Defined by shared political values, institutions, and commitment to a legal framework.

Territorial Nation

  • Rooted in connection to a specific geography or region.

Historical Nation

  • Characterized by a shared past, often including myths of origin and collective memory.

Self-Determination (Kant)

  • Philosopher Kant applied the concept of individual free moral choices to nations, viewing them as collectively free entities.

Social Contract

  • A concept legitimizing political authority and the relationship between people and the state.

Social Contract (Hobbes)

  • Individuals sacrifice some natural freedoms for state protection due to the brutish nature of humanity, granting absolute power to the government.
  • A pact exchanging rights for security.

Social Contract (Rousseau)

  • Humans are naturally free but corrupted by social institutions; the social contract enables freedom through participation in the collective general will.
  • Government legitimacy stems from the general will, with individuals shaping laws and policies, and the state representing collective interests.

Social Contract (Kant)

  • A structured society is necessary for justice, therefore the contract is an agreement based on rational laws.
  • Citizens should obey only laws they have rationally consented to, with the government respecting their moral dignity and justifying laws rationally.

Historical Models of Nationhood

  • Ethnic and political.

State

  • Political entities possessing a defined territory, government, and sovereignty.

Collectivist Ethnic

  • Emphasizes shared ancestry and cultural heritage, with national identity being inherited and exclusive.

Collectivist Civic

  • Focuses on shared political values and institutions, stressing collective identity and duty to the nation.

Individualistic Civic

  • Prioritizes individual rights and personal choice in national identity, promoting inclusive civic participation.

Ius Sanguinis

  • "Law of blood," linked to ethnic nationhood.

Ethnic Nations

  • Generally collectivist.

Ius Soli

  • "Law of the land," associated with civic nationhood.

Home Nations

  • Originating from the British state, it refers to the 4 political distinctions within the British isles.
  • Defined ethnically and culturally, with British citizenship but distinct nationalities (Scottish, English, Welsh, and Irish).

Traditionalist/Historical Approach

  • Nations develop organically from existing social realities and are historically rooted.
  • Follows primordialist and perennialist approaches, viewing nations as culturally homogenous entities built on ethnic communities.
  • Nations exist independently of the state.
  • Example: Quebecois in Canada.

Modernist/Constructivist Approach

  • Nations are "imagined communities," ideological constructs created for political purposes by dominant elites.
  • Constructed to justify the rise of nation-states, emerging from industrialization, bureaucratization, and mass schooling, thus a result of socio-economic transformations.

Nationalism as a Civil Religion

  • Nationalism plays a unifying role in society akin to religion, with flags, anthems, holidays, and rituals as sacred elements.
  • Nationalism can create collective effervescence and establish moral order, similar to religions.

Shift from Eternal to Temporal

  • Religion focuses towards a divine afterlife, whereas nationalism focuses on societal progress in the material world.
  • Shifts devotion to the nation, encouraging people to advance their country rather than focus on the afterlife.
  • Examples: French Revolution, communist nationalism in the USSR, and American nationalism.

Implications of Moving from Eternal to Temporal

  • Nationalism provides a similar sense of purpose as religion linked to the nation's political power, economic structures, and national progress rather than divine salvation.
  • Power originates from the people, not divine rulers; nationalism views all members of the nation as equals and differs from hierarchical religions..

Nationalism as a Secular Idea

  • It concentrates on earthly matters, deriving legitimacy from the people's will, and fosters equal citizenship.

Types of Nationhood (Greenfeld & Eastwood)

  • Collectivist ethnic, collectivist civic, and individualistic civic.

Japan's Nationhood

  • Collectivist ethnic.

North America's Nationhood

  • Individualistic civic.

Ernest Gellner

  • Argued that nationalism invents nations where they do not exist.
  • It shapes and constructs nations, being a product of modernity that emerged in the industrial era.
  • Before nationalism, people identified with local communities, religions, and empires rather than modern nations.

Primordial Nation Idea

  • Nations are deeply rooted in history with longstanding ethnic, cultural, and linguistic ties.
  • .National identity is fixed, natural, biologically inherited.

Perennialism

  • Nations are long-lasting but not always fixed.

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