Understanding Transportation Systems

• Transportation is the process or method of moving people or goods from one location to another.

Components of Transportation

• Infrastructure: bridges, roads, ports, railways, stations.
• Vehicles: land, air, and water vehicles.
• Operation: procedures, policies, and laws.
• Users & Operators: passengers, luggage, and vehicle owners.

Types of Transportation

• Private Transport: personal use.
• Public Transport/Transit: Not necessarily government-owned.
• Charter Services: available for special trips but still for public use.
• Example: PAL adding flights for corporate outings.
• Private companies offering public services prioritize profit, unlike government services.

Time, Way, and Resource of Transportation

• Timetables inform users where vehicles are expected to be at certain times.
• Route plans coordinate vehicle movement to prevent bottlenecks.
• Logistics manages the flow of resources between origin and destination, meeting transportation objectives.

Categories of Transportation

• Land
• Water
• Rail
• Air/Space

Kinds of Transport

• Animal Powered Transport
• Human Powered Transport
• Motorized Road Transport
• Rail Transport
• Water Transport (Non-human Powered)
• Aviation

Legal Land Transportation in Metro Manila

• Railway
• Jeepney
• Taxicabs
• Shuttle services/Vans
• Bus
• Tricycle
• Pedicab
• Kalesa
• TNV

Intermodal & Multimodal

• A mode of transport uses specific vehicles, infrastructure, and operation.
• Transporting people or cargo can involve one or multiple modes.
• When multiple modes are used, it's called intermodal or multimodal transport.
• Mode choice relies on cost, capability, route and speed.

Transportation Management

• Effective and efficient handling/organization of transportation components involves planning, policy, implementation, operation, and monitoring.

• Transportation Management benefits both the public and the private sector.

• It refers to the equipment and logistics of moving passengers and goods via cars, buses, boats, aircraft, and space travel.

• Transportation management systems enable services like:

• Getting people to work via local transport

• Coordinating passengers quickly

• Delivering government and security services

• Buses have routes and stops and are fast-paced for passenger loading/unloading.

• Airlines have frequencies and stopover points with complex passenger handling.

• Taxicabs lack specific routes but report back to origin.

• Systems vary in strategies, but their essence remains the same.

Transportation Planning

• Planning is a systematic conception for achieving an objective.
• Transport planning prepares and implements actions for specific problems.
• Planning should be efficient, effective, equitable, feasible, and high-quality for users.

Basic Planning Process

• Study preparation to decide if the study can proceed
• Determine the development goals
• Surveys of existing situation & developmental characteristics
• Analysis & Synthesis of surveys for plan formulation and recommendations
• Formulate plan & policy and physical plans
• Plan-related project recommendation
• Implementation of techniques identified
• Monitoring with adjustments when needed

Reasons for Transport Planning

• Forecasting travel patterns

• High utilization

• Less negative impact

• Proper logistics

• Policy basis

• Cost reduction

• Service improvement

• Transportation policy states achievement expectations from transportation planning.

• Transportation policy shapes objectives for social, economic, and environmental aspects.

• Government focuses on public policy, setting action plans to influence decisions.

• Policy formulation involves effective courses of action for policy agenda items.

• Public policy aligns governmental goals with social, political, economic, and environmental realities which changes reflecting society.

• Strategy includes means of transportation execution, policies and action programs.

Transportation System Stakeholders

• Include person, group, organization, member, or system affecting or affected by an organization.
• Stakeholders also maintain interest in the transportation plan or program.
• Stakeholders include:
• Government (National/Local)
• Private Sector Businesses
• Passengers
• Community
• Environment

Branches of Government

• Executive
• Legislative
• Judiciary
• Policy is more connected to legislation.

Inherent Powers of the Government

• Police Power: Execution
• Fiscal Power: Taxation
• Power of Eminent Domain: state power to seize private property for public use with compensation to the owner

Role of the Government

• Initiate and maintain transport systems, a pilot project depending heavily on government.
• Intervene in feasible route designs/expenses because government aids group users reasonably.
• Create transportation laws and regulations, for example eminent domain.
• Pilot programs are small experiments to see if large-scale projects might work

Transportation Significance

• Improves welfare through appropriate social/political/economic conditions.
• Expected outcomes are quantitative (income/education) and qualitative (infrastructure) improvements.
• development policies should focus on physical and human resources.
• Development needs both infrastructure and effective operations

Historical Significance

• In history, transportation played a role in societal development and success.
• Civilization growth links to transportation system development.
• Trade and commerce have evolved in flow and transactions.
• The strength of ancient Egyptian civilization came from water transport.
• Rivers were used to transport goods, for communication, and military movement.
• The Roman Empire built roads for military purposes.
• European ship development led to island discovery, impacting cultures.
• Industrial Revolution inventions made countries innovate in transport.
• These inventions led to victories in wars, showing technology brings advantages.
• Modern warfare, commerce, and public services necessitate transportation.
• World War II (start of jet age) saw countries develop aircraft and weapon systems.
• Aviation grew after WWII due to war-related technological advances.

Social Significance

• Quality transport improves population health and welfare.
• Transportation must guarantee society is able to go to the places that they need.

Environmental Significance

• Requirements for Transportation Infrastructure
• Construction of roads/ports needs space, cutting trees/shrinking agricultural areas and covering waterways.
• Garbage dumping and oil spills endanger maritime habitats by effecting the water species.
• Transportation is a fast-growing emission sector as it creates air pollution.
• Environmental regulations reduce vehicle emissions.
• This can be offset by increased vehicle numbers and usage, including oil change.
• Urban expansion leads to traffic due to improper infrastructure.
• Valuable agricultural land is consumed due to Urban Expansion
• Noise causes disability, irritation, and lack of concentration.
• Road transport is the biggest contributor to global warming through ozone depletion, causing acid rain.
• The air in vehicles produces CFCs causing ozone depletion
• Solid waste is produced during vehicle maintenance.
• Transportation is a big energy user burning the world's petroleum

Economic Significance

• Transportation services are the life support for a city's citizens.

• Transportation systems determine product/service economic value.

• Transportation contributes to the economy.

• It connects businesses to supply chain partners and influences customer satisfaction.

• The sector is vital for trade.

• Slow deliveries cause customer service issues.

• By moving people transportation links people to suppliers. Place helps guarantee customers have available products and resources.

• Transportation provides available product access when they demand it.

• Transportation is sensitive to other tourism supply chain issues.

• Logistics helps passenger flow from point of origin to other supply chains like attractions and accommodation.

• Important logistic issue: the effect of back tracking.

• The cost of transport affects business.

• Profitability increases with faster transport methods; however, speed is not always the case in the tourism industry.

• Efficient transport can cut down on costs, otherwise it increases costs.

• Unintended Consequence: Traffic jams is an unintended consequence.

• The transportation industry is of macroeconomic and microeconomic significance.

• Transportation includes geographical accessibility, and time.

• One logistic issue is losing tourism trade because a business is back tracking, or issues with time and resources.

• On the side of intermediaries, the cost of transportation might be a loss or not a big profit.

• The cost of transport can effect businesses.

• The economic importance of the transportation industry can be assessed from the level of the economy, and from the different levels of business.

• These effects can impact stakeholders, and can be direct, indirect, and induced.

• Assessment is categorized under core, operational, and geographical dimensions.

• Capacity core strategy should be used to develop and promote opportunities.

• Costs are commonly associated with lower transport costs and affordable mobility.

Operational

• Time helps bring economic value in tourism.
• Reliability involves a passenger reaching intended place on time.
• Reliability helps tourism businesses.

Geographical

• Accessibility is an economic benefit, for markets or firms.

• The accessibility of the market can have impact on tourism.

• Locations near infrastructure generate higher value.

• A business Cluster is a geographic location of businesses.

• An efficient transport system makes productivity increase nationally and worldwide for a company that can compete.

• An efficient transport system is of much economic change

• Regions specialize in creating goods where they have the advantage.

• Effective transportation lowers delivery costs.

• Efficient transport widens markets and increase production.

• When transport leads to potential market increase for given product.

• Transportation becomes competitive, the market becomes more efficient.

• Land value increases because of good utility.

• Transportation costs are a measure of how much the transport will pay for services.

• costs are fixed and variable.

• Major costs: transactions, service, the distance.

• Costs depend on related rates like Infrastructure, energy, administrative barriers and the amount of passengers.

Factors Affecting Transportation Cost

• Geography

• Type of service

• Energy

• Economies of scale are cost advantages for businesses.

• Infrastructure

• Mode

• Competition

• Regulations, the code for management

• Surcharges, and extra fee added.

• Transportation Yield Management is the way to affect the rate of an asset by using usage price, and demand. The goal is to use this to maximize profit.

• Conditions for Yield Management include: transport being fixed, if the capacity is unused all utility is lost, and customers will pay varied rates for capacity or services.

Transport Alliances

• Agreement between two or more transport companies to cooperate on a substantial level
• 3 Alliances: Star, Sky, One World Alliance.

Cruise Alliances

• Niche Marketing
• World's Leading Cruise Lines

Benefits

• Extended Network
• Reduced Costs of Sharing:
• Sales Offices
• Maintenance facilities
• Operational facilities
• Operational Staff
• Investments and purchases

Travel Benefits

• Lowered prices
• More departure times
• More Destinations
• Shorter travel times
• A range of airport lounges shared
• Faster mileage rewards
• Round-the-world tickets at lower price

Airline Industry Flight Type By Routing

• Nonstop Flight
• Direct Flight
• Connecting Flight: Single, Double, or Online Connection

Kinds of flights based on duration

• Short-haul: less than 4 hours
• Medium-haul: 4 to 8 hours
• Long-haul: more than 8 hours

Flights based on service

• Commercial flight
• Chartered Flight

Things to consider during situations in flight operation

• Force Majeure

• Overbooking/Bumping

• Denied Boarding Compensation

• No show

• Waitlist

• Stand-by

• Confirmed/Guaranteed Reservation

• Airline uses home base practice of using airport for surrounding airports with the practice of airlines feeding the local airport.

The Hub and Spoke System Is

• Efficient and Economical
• Disadvantages: Stress, misconnections, lost baggage

Aircrafts Consist of

• Parts that are wide and narrow

Aircraft Parts

• Cockpit
• Cabin
• Configuration
• Seats
• Emergency Exits

Other Things to Consider

• Passenger Service Unit
• Flight Attendant Button
• Lights
• Air Vents
• Seat belt signs
• No Smoking sign
• Galley
• Lavatory

Parts of an Airport

• Runways
• Taxiways
• Jetways
• Tarmac
• Apron
• Hangar
• Control Tower
• Terminal
• Aircrafts use airport to load and unload gas, and receive assistance or stocking.

Airport Check-in Procedure

• Security Check
• Check-in Counter
• Terminal Fee
• Customs
• Waiting Area
• Boarding Gate
• Boarding