Understanding The Self Through Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered to be the main source of Western Thought?

  • Socrates (correct)
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
  • Heraclitus

What is the main goal of the Socratic Method mentioned in the text?

  • To provide immediate answers
  • To memorize facts
  • To search for the correct definition through questioning (correct)
  • To promote blind acceptance of ideas

Which ancient Greek philosopher believed that 'the unexamined life is not worth living'?

  • Socrates (correct)
  • Aristotle
  • Heraclitus
  • Plato

According to Plato, what is the nature of Forms?

<p>Ageless and eternal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Plato's Theory of Forms, where does ultimate reality exist?

<p>Beyond our physical world (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed in Dualism, proposing a distinction between the physical world and the world of Forms?

<p>Plato (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sin of greed associated with?

<p>Physical objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descartes' belief in 'Cogito ergo sum' emphasizes the importance of which aspect of human nature?

<p>Cognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Descartes' system, what is the power that enables the apprehension of certain truths?

<p>Intuition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke believe was the source of knowledge according to the text?

<p>Experiences and objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descartes' view on the Mind-Body Problem suggests that the soul/mind is separate from which entity?

<p>Body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Freud use to refer to the mental elements in awareness at any given point in time?

<p>Conscious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sin is associated with an excessive love for people, as per the text?

<p>Jealousy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the mind seeks pleasure according to Freud's theory?

<p>Id (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instinct is associated with the Eros component of the mind?

<p>Life instinct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what part of the mind is in contact with reality?

<p>Ego (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of mental life contains all the drives, urges, or instincts beyond our awareness?

<p>Unconscious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to psychological strategies used unconsciously to protect a person from anxiety?

<p>Repression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who contradicted Cartesian Dualism by stating that human consciousness and mind are very dependent on the human brain?

<p>Gilbert Ryle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Gilbert Ryle use to refer to the erroneous belief that there is a 'Ghost in the Machine'?

<p>Machine Ghost Fallacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others?

<p>Projection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term do Patricia and Paul Churchland use to describe the combination of Neurology and Philosophy?

<p>Neurophilosophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was invented to determine if an action deserves praise or blame?

<p>Freewill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did David Hume conclude after reading John Locke's philosophy?

<p>He no longer believed in religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Locke, where do morals, religious values, and political values originate from?

<p>Sense experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Immanuel Kant's view, how does the mind interact with the external world?

<p>The external world conforms to the mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant argue about the mind's role in knowing objects?

<p>The mind actively participates in knowing objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Locke, where does morality come from?

<p>Conformity or non-conformity towards some laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of perceptions according to David Hume?

<p>Impressions and ideas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Socratic Method

A method of inquiry using a series of questions to find the correct definition of something.

Theory of Forms

Plato's idea that the physical world is not the real world; true reality exists beyond our senses.

Forms (Plato)

Abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts that transcend time and space.

Cogito ergo sum

Descartes' statement, "I think, therefore I am," a key idea about the self.

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Mind-Body Problem

The concept of the mind/soul as separate from the body.

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Tabula Rasa

Locke's idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

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Levels of Mental Life (Freud)

Freud's three levels of the mind: unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.

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Provinces of the Mind (Freud)

Freud's structures of the mind: Id, Ego, and Superego.

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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious psychological strategies to cope with anxiety.

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Knowing-that

Type of knowledge focused on factual information.

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Knowing-how

Type of knowledge related to practical skills.

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Neurophilosophy

Combining philosophy and neuroscience to understand the mind-body relationship.

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Impressions

Hume's term for basic sensory experiences.

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Ideas

Hume's term for mental copies of impressions.

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Empiricism

Philosophical view that experience is the source of all knowledge

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German Idealism

Kant's philosophy that the external world conforms to the mind.

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Western Thought

Philosophical ideas stemming from ancient Greece.

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Philosophy

The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Socrates

Ancient Greek philosopher known for the Socratic method.

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Plato

Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, and founder of the Academy.

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Rene Descartes

17th-century philosopher known for 'I think, therefore I am'.

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John Locke

Empiricist philosopher who posited the tabula rasa.

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Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.

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Gilbert Ryle

English philosopher who criticized Cartesian Dualism.

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Immanuel Kant

German philosopher who focused on knowledge.

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Study Notes

Philosophy of the Self

  • Philosophy started in Athens, Ancient Greece around 600 BCE, meaning "love of wisdom" and encompassing understanding elements, mathematics, heavenly bodies, atoms, and man.

Socrates

  • Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher, scholar, and teacher who is considered the main source of Western Thought.
  • He was not a writer, and his works were only known through Plato's writings (The Dialogues).
  • Socratic Method: a method of inquiry consisting of a series of questions to search for the correct definition of a thing.
  • Goal: to bring the person closer to the final understanding.
  • Socrates' view of human nature: "the unexamined life is not worth living" and real understanding comes from within the person.

Plato

  • Aristocles (428-348 BCE) founded The Academy.
  • Wrote over 20 Dialogues, with Socrates as the protagonist in most of them.
  • Theory of Forms: the physical world is not the real world; ultimate reality exists beyond our physical world.
  • Forms: abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend time and space.
  • Characteristics of Forms: ageless, unchanging, unmoving, and indivisible.
  • Plato's Dualism: the sinfulness of man.

Rene Descartes

  • "Father of Modern Philosophy" and a rationalist.
  • Employed scientific method and mathematics in his philosophy.
  • Cartesian Method and Analytic Geometry.
  • Descartes' System: two powers of the human mind - Intuition and Deduction.
  • View of human nature: Cogito ergo sum - "I think therefore I am."
  • The cognitive aspect of human nature is his basis for the existence of the self.
  • Mind-Body Problem: the soul/mind is a substance separate from the body.

John Locke

  • Born in Wrington, England.
  • Works focused on the workings of the human mind, particularly the acquisition of knowledge.
  • Believed that knowledge results from ideas produced a posteriori or by objects that were experienced.
  • Tabula Rasa: the mind is a blank slate.

Sigmund Freud

  • Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.
  • Levels of Mental Life: Unconscious, Preconscious, and Conscious.
  • Provinces of the Mind: Id, Eros, Thanatos, Ego, and Superego.
  • View of human nature: an individual is a product of his past, and we live our lives by balancing the forces of life and death.
  • Defense Mechanisms: psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety.

Gilbert Ryle

  • English philosopher who contradicted Cartesian Dualism.
  • View of human nature: man is endowed with freewill, and it was invented to determine if an action deserves praise or blame.
  • Two types of knowledge: Knowing-that and Knowing-how.

Patricia and Paul Churchland

  • Canadian philosophers who combined neurology and philosophy (Neurophilosophy).
  • Addressed the age-old problem of the mind-body relationship.
  • Brain-mind relationship: "There isn't a special thing called the mind."

David Hume

  • Born in Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • Empiricism: after reading the philosophy of John Locke, he never again entertained any belief in religion.
  • The Human Mind: receives materials from sense and calls it perceptions.
  • Two types of perceptions: Impressions and Ideas.
  • Principles of Association: Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause-and-Effect.

Immanuel Kant

  • Born in Konigsberg, East Prussia (Western Russia).
  • Founder of German Idealism.
  • Wrote three books: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment.
  • View of the mind: the mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experience but rather actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences.
  • The external world conforms to the mind.

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Description

Explore the origins of philosophy in Ancient Greece, with a focus on key figures like Socrates and his teachings passed down through Plato's Dialogues. Learn about the Socratic Method and its impact on Western thought.

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