Understanding The Self Through Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered to be the main source of Western Thought?

  • Socrates (correct)
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
  • Heraclitus
  • What is the main goal of the Socratic Method mentioned in the text?

  • To provide immediate answers
  • To memorize facts
  • To search for the correct definition through questioning (correct)
  • To promote blind acceptance of ideas
  • Which ancient Greek philosopher believed that 'the unexamined life is not worth living'?

  • Socrates (correct)
  • Aristotle
  • Heraclitus
  • Plato
  • According to Plato, what is the nature of Forms?

    <p>Ageless and eternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Plato's Theory of Forms, where does ultimate reality exist?

    <p>Beyond our physical world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher believed in Dualism, proposing a distinction between the physical world and the world of Forms?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sin of greed associated with?

    <p>Physical objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descartes' belief in 'Cogito ergo sum' emphasizes the importance of which aspect of human nature?

    <p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Descartes' system, what is the power that enables the apprehension of certain truths?

    <p>Intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Locke believe was the source of knowledge according to the text?

    <p>Experiences and objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descartes' view on the Mind-Body Problem suggests that the soul/mind is separate from which entity?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term does Freud use to refer to the mental elements in awareness at any given point in time?

    <p>Conscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sin is associated with an excessive love for people, as per the text?

    <p>Jealousy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mind seeks pleasure according to Freud's theory?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instinct is associated with the Eros component of the mind?

    <p>Life instinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, what part of the mind is in contact with reality?

    <p>Ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of mental life contains all the drives, urges, or instincts beyond our awareness?

    <p>Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to psychological strategies used unconsciously to protect a person from anxiety?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who contradicted Cartesian Dualism by stating that human consciousness and mind are very dependent on the human brain?

    <p>Gilbert Ryle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Gilbert Ryle use to refer to the erroneous belief that there is a 'Ghost in the Machine'?

    <p>Machine Ghost Fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term do Patricia and Paul Churchland use to describe the combination of Neurology and Philosophy?

    <p>Neurophilosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was invented to determine if an action deserves praise or blame?

    <p>Freewill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did David Hume conclude after reading John Locke's philosophy?

    <p>He no longer believed in religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Locke, where do morals, religious values, and political values originate from?

    <p>Sense experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Immanuel Kant's view, how does the mind interact with the external world?

    <p>The external world conforms to the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Immanuel Kant argue about the mind's role in knowing objects?

    <p>The mind actively participates in knowing objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Locke, where does morality come from?

    <p>Conformity or non-conformity towards some laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of perceptions according to David Hume?

    <p>Impressions and ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy of the Self

    • Philosophy started in Athens, Ancient Greece around 600 BCE, meaning "love of wisdom" and encompassing understanding elements, mathematics, heavenly bodies, atoms, and man.

    Socrates

    • Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher, scholar, and teacher who is considered the main source of Western Thought.
    • He was not a writer, and his works were only known through Plato's writings (The Dialogues).
    • Socratic Method: a method of inquiry consisting of a series of questions to search for the correct definition of a thing.
    • Goal: to bring the person closer to the final understanding.
    • Socrates' view of human nature: "the unexamined life is not worth living" and real understanding comes from within the person.

    Plato

    • Aristocles (428-348 BCE) founded The Academy.
    • Wrote over 20 Dialogues, with Socrates as the protagonist in most of them.
    • Theory of Forms: the physical world is not the real world; ultimate reality exists beyond our physical world.
    • Forms: abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend time and space.
    • Characteristics of Forms: ageless, unchanging, unmoving, and indivisible.
    • Plato's Dualism: the sinfulness of man.

    Rene Descartes

    • "Father of Modern Philosophy" and a rationalist.
    • Employed scientific method and mathematics in his philosophy.
    • Cartesian Method and Analytic Geometry.
    • Descartes' System: two powers of the human mind - Intuition and Deduction.
    • View of human nature: Cogito ergo sum - "I think therefore I am."
    • The cognitive aspect of human nature is his basis for the existence of the self.
    • Mind-Body Problem: the soul/mind is a substance separate from the body.

    John Locke

    • Born in Wrington, England.
    • Works focused on the workings of the human mind, particularly the acquisition of knowledge.
    • Believed that knowledge results from ideas produced a posteriori or by objects that were experienced.
    • Tabula Rasa: the mind is a blank slate.

    Sigmund Freud

    • Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.
    • Levels of Mental Life: Unconscious, Preconscious, and Conscious.
    • Provinces of the Mind: Id, Eros, Thanatos, Ego, and Superego.
    • View of human nature: an individual is a product of his past, and we live our lives by balancing the forces of life and death.
    • Defense Mechanisms: psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety.

    Gilbert Ryle

    • English philosopher who contradicted Cartesian Dualism.
    • View of human nature: man is endowed with freewill, and it was invented to determine if an action deserves praise or blame.
    • Two types of knowledge: Knowing-that and Knowing-how.

    Patricia and Paul Churchland

    • Canadian philosophers who combined neurology and philosophy (Neurophilosophy).
    • Addressed the age-old problem of the mind-body relationship.
    • Brain-mind relationship: "There isn't a special thing called the mind."

    David Hume

    • Born in Edinburgh, Scotland.
    • Empiricism: after reading the philosophy of John Locke, he never again entertained any belief in religion.
    • The Human Mind: receives materials from sense and calls it perceptions.
    • Two types of perceptions: Impressions and Ideas.
    • Principles of Association: Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause-and-Effect.

    Immanuel Kant

    • Born in Konigsberg, East Prussia (Western Russia).
    • Founder of German Idealism.
    • Wrote three books: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment.
    • View of the mind: the mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experience but rather actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences.
    • The external world conforms to the mind.

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    Explore the origins of philosophy in Ancient Greece, with a focus on key figures like Socrates and his teachings passed down through Plato's Dialogues. Learn about the Socratic Method and its impact on Western thought.

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