Understanding the Self (Prelim)
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the aspect of self related to traits and behaviors stored in memory?

  • Relational Self
  • Individual Self (correct)
  • Cultural Self
  • Collective Self

What is identity struggle primarily concerned with?

  • The reinforcement of group identities
  • The confirmation of personal beliefs by others
  • The alignment between one's behaviors and cultural norms
  • The discrepancy between one's self-image and societal perceptions (correct)

What is considered the best approach to resolve identity misunderstandings?

  • Seek external validation from peers
  • Discuss perceptions and establish mutual understanding (correct)
  • Avoid confrontation to maintain peace
  • Adopt behaviors that align with societal expectations

Which of the following describes the Collective Self?

<p>Identification with one’s cultural or social group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Relational Self defined?

<p>Related to an individual's interpersonal relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the enduring self according to Augustine?

<p>The soul, which is eternal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Augustine propose humanity can recover lost wisdom?

<p>By reflecting and doing good continuously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the intellect play in Augustine's view of moral virtue?

<p>It serves as the foundation for moral virtue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Augustine, what is essential for seeing God?

<p>A pure heart and faith in God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Augustine's philosophy, which time perspective involves recalling past experiences?

<p>Time present of things past (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Augustine argue is necessary for achieving happiness?

<p>Imitating a perfect divine role model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by introspection in Augustine's philosophy?

<p>Awareness of one’s own mental processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Augustine believe about consciousness in relation to time?

<p>Consciousness enables recognition of past, present, and future (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'self' fundamentally represent?

<p>A dynamically developing entity over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components contributing to self-formation?

<p>Nature and Nurture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one best describe the relationship between self and identity?

<p>Self is a broader concept than identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Executive Function in relation to self?

<p>Making decisions as a controller and shaping life approaches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which discipline primarily explores the connection between brain and mind?

<p>Neurophilosophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the self mentioned in the content?

<p>It is a theoretical entity used to explain psychological phenomena. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences the 'nurture' aspect of self-development?

<p>Cultural norms and language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does psychoneuroimmunology describe about the shaping of the self?

<p>It parallels the functioning of the human immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-discovery primarily involve?

<p>Understanding one's potential and character (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-awareness contribute to emotional intelligence?

<p>By enabling understanding and control of emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Greek word 'persona' in relation to personality?

<p>It refers to the roles people play in life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of Reflexive Consciousness is best described as what?

<p>Conscious attention directed towards self-understanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the role of the past in shaping identity?

<p>The past influences but does not determine who you are today. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-awareness aid in dealing with others?

<p>By enhancing the ability to understand how one's actions affect others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interpersonal being refer to in the context of self-hood?

<p>The ability to relate self to others effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a root of self-awareness?

<p>Conscious reflection on one’s own thoughts and actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage involves a child imitating the behavior of their parents?

<p>Imitation stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the self is described as the unsocialized part that acts and makes decisions?

<p>I self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the social identity theory, what process involves categorizing people into groups?

<p>Social categorization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of social development allows a child to take on the roles of others during play activities?

<p>Play stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the self that is assessed by individuals based on societal expectations?

<p>Me self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Goffman's dramaturgical model, which region corresponds to where individuals act differently than in public?

<p>Back stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of identity is primarily shaped by group memberships according to social identity theory?

<p>Collective self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which idea posits that the self is never stable, but constantly changing based on circumstances?

<p>Protean self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the tendency to compare one's in-group with an out-group to enhance self-image?

<p>Social comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that one's self is shaped by society and historical context?

<p>Saturated self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the concept of 'Looking-glass self'?

<p>Charles Horton Cooley (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'multiphrenia' refer to in postmodern identity theory?

<p>The presence of multiple selves based on different situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective posits that identity involves both cultural and national aspects?

<p>Anthropological perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural identity primarily refer to?

<p>Identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain cultural group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two essential components of culture for understanding how the self is influenced?

<p>Material culture and non-material culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a nation?

<p>A group of people built on shared customs, traditions, and history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social norms impact behavior in a society?

<p>They provide guidelines that, if broken, can lead to punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'folkways' refer to in cultural context?

<p>Society's customs and traditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a part of non-material culture?

<p>National flag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cultural Identity Theory explain?

<p>How an individual is influenced by the cultural contexts they are situated in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

<p>National emblem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of possessing multiple identities?

<p>Overlapping identities that form a unique self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about laws is true?

<p>Laws are official norms enforced by authorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural identity, what is self-categorization?

<p>Identifying oneself with a cultural in-group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Brian Morris's 'Anthropology of the Self' emphasize?

<p>The self as a complex process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do positive emotions like nationalism and patriotism promote?

<p>A sense of responsibility towards one’s nation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the 'mores' of a society?

<p>They are important social norms tied to values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self

The entire person, not just a name, continually developing and shaped by interactions with others, and more than a simple combination of genes, neurons, or a static entity.

Self vs. Identity

While often treated as the same, the 'self' is more fundamental than 'identity.' Identity is a set of characteristics that shape, or are shaped by, the 'self.' The self is comprehensive; identity is composed of many aspects/identities that one may have.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate on whether inherent characteristics (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) have a more significant impact on shaping the self.

Nature (Self)

In the context of nature vs. nurture, it refers to genes, hereditary factors, and biological predispositions impacting who we are.

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Nurture (Self)

In the context of nature vs. nurture, it refers to environmental factors like upbringing, experiences, and cultural influences.

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Executive Function

The cognitive abilities related to making decisions, controlling actions, and shaping one's approach to life.

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Neurophilosophy

The study of how the brain correlates with the mind and consciousness.

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Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of the complex interactions between the mind, brain, and immune system.

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Augustine's enduring self

Augustine believed the soul is eternal and forms the enduring self, continuing to exist after death.

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Pre-birth knowledge

Augustine proposed that humans possessed complete knowledge before birth, but forgetting much of it due to earthly existence.

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Moral virtue & happiness

Augustine connected moral virtue to intellect and believed this leads to happiness.

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Divine role model

Augustine suggested a divine role model, representing perfection for humans to strive towards.

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Introspection

Looking inward to understand one's own mental processes.

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Past, present, future time

Augustine's concept of the self encompassing past experiences (memory), present experiences, and anticipated future events (expectation).

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Self-consciousness

Augustine argued humans possess the ability to be aware of themselves and their existence.

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Knowledge leads to God

Augustine's idea that all knowledge ultimately points towards God; only pure hearts, faith, and understanding of the Gospel lead to happiness.

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Self-discovery

The process of learning and understanding more about yourself and who you are, including your potential, character, motives, etc.

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Self-awareness

Knowing yourself and your worth as a person. It involves understanding and controlling your emotions and actions.

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Personality

A pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that makes a person unique.

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Reflexive Consciousness

Conscious attention that focuses on its own source, leading to a self-concept.

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Interpersonal Being

The idea that our selves are shaped by interactions with others while we build relationships.

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Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage your own emotions and how they affect others.

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Self-hood Roots

Reflexive consciousness and interpersonal being help define self.

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Self's Connection to the Past

Your past experiences influence but don't define who you are today.

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Individual Self

The part of you that holds your personal traits, states, and behaviors. This is your unique set of qualities and how you act.

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Relational Self

This is how you see yourself in relation to others. It's about your roles and how you connect with different people.

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Collective Self

This part of you reflects your group memberships and how you identify with your communities. It's your sense of belonging.

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Identity Struggle

When there's a conflict between how you see yourself and how others see you.

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Resolving Identity Struggles

The best way to overcome identity struggles is by open and respectful communication.

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Culture

The full range of learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and traditions that define a group of people's way of life. It shapes how we see ourselves and others.

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Material Culture

Tangible objects and artifacts created by a culture, such as tools, clothing, technology, and art. They are physical manifestations of cultural practices and beliefs.

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Non-Material Culture

Intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, values, norms, traditions, language, and social organizations. They shape our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions.

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Social Norms

Rules for how to behave in certain situations, enforced by society. Breaking them can lead to consequences.

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Folkways

Customs and conventions of a society, like social etiquette or traditions. They are less strict than mores.

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Mores

Important social norms tied to a society's values, reflecting moral behavior and often reflected in laws. Breaking them carries more serious consequences.

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National Identity

The identity or feeling of belonging to a specific nation-state. It's tied to shared symbols, history, and values.

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Cultural Identity Theory

This explains how cultural contexts influence our actions and behaviors. It recognizes that we can have multiple cultural identities that overlap and form a complex sense of self.

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Identity

A set of characteristics that shape how we view ourselves and how others see us, including our roles, social groups, and cultural affiliations.

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Multiple Identities

We can have multiple identities that overlap and influence our behavior. These identities are shaped by our roles, cultural affiliations, and personal experiences.

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Dominant Identity

In situations where we have multiple identities, one identity might dominate our behavior and influence how we act.

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Self-Categorization

The process of identifying ourselves with an in-group (e.g., our nation) and differentiating ourselves from out-groups. It plays a role in shaping both individual and collective identities.

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What motivates you?

This question explores your internal drive, values, and passions. It helps understand what inspires you to act and achieve goals.

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Your own emotions

Understanding your emotional responses is crucial. It reveals how you handle stress, challenges, and successes.

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Your thinking patterns

This refers to how you process information, make decisions, and solve problems. It reflects your cognitive style.

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Tendencies to react

This explores how you respond to specific situations. It reveals patterns in your behavior, how you adapt to challenges.

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What you want out of life?

This is a personal reflection on your aspirations, goals, and dreams. It helps understand your values and purpose.

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Imitation Stage

The child learns by observing and mimicking the behavior of parents and caregivers.

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Play Stage

The child engages in role-playing, taking on the roles of others and exploring different perspectives.

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Game Stage

The child begins to understand societal rules and expectations by engaging in organized games.

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Generalized Other

A representation of social expectations and norms, internalized by individuals to guide their behavior.

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Looking-Glass Self

The concept that our self-image is shaped by how we perceive others view us.

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In-Group

The group to which a person belongs, providing a sense of identity and belonging.

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Out-Group

The group to which a person does not belong, potentially leading to negative biases and discrimination.

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Social Categorization

The process of classifying individuals into groups based on shared characteristics, influencing how we perceive them.

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Social Identification

Adopting the identity of a group you belong to, internalizing its values and behaviors.

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Social Comparison

Comparing your group to others, potentially leading to favoritism and discrimination.

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Study Notes

Understanding the Self (Prelim)

  • Self-discovery: A process of learning about oneself, including true potential, character, motives.
  • Self-awareness: Resulting from self-discovery, it's knowing oneself and one's worth. A key element of emotional intelligence.
  • Personality: A pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that makes a person unique (influenced by social, environmental, and life factors).
  • Self: More than just a name, a multi-level system that develops and changes over time, not static, influenced by genes, interactions of psychological and social mechanisms.

Important Roots of Self-hood

  • Reflexive Consciousness: Conscious awareness of one's own thoughts and actions, helping build a self-concept.
  • Interpersonal Being: Developing the self through relationships and interactions with others; selves are used as tools for relating.
  • Executive Function: Making resolutions/decisions, controlling actions, and shaping one's approach to life (including optimistic/pessimistic views).

Nature vs Nurture (Self)

  • Nature: Genes and hereditary factors.
  • Nurture: Environmental factors (early childhood, upbringing, social relationships, culture). Self is both a product of nature and nurture.

Self vs Identity

  • Self: Lexical definition: the person you are.
  • Identity: Lexical definition: the traits and qualities making a person different from others, encompassing personality, beliefs, and roles.

Philosophical Perspectives of Self

  • Ancient Philosophers: Emphasis on self-knowledge, emphasized the importance of understanding oneself.
  • Socrates: "Know thyself" - a fundamental principle to understanding one's self.
  • Plato: Ideal self, a perfect entity distinct from the body.
  • Aristotle: The ideal self residing within the phenomenon of experiences; the ideal and phenomenon exist simultaneously as they are interdependent.
  • Medieval/Middle Ages Philosophers (Saints): Focus on God's role in shaping the self, with a combination of spiritual and physical aspects.
  • Enlightenment Philosophers: Focused on understanding the individual self (e.g., Descartes' "cogito ergo sum," and Locke's concept of the self as based on consciousness and memory).

Contemporary / Modern Philosophers

  • Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic theory - proposes the self is multi-layered and influenced by various forces (Id, Ego, Superego, etc.).
  • John Locke: Personal identity is based on consciousness (memory).
  • David Hume: Skeptical view; self is only a bundle of perceptions, no enduring entity.
  • Immanuel Kant: Self is influenced by experiences and how others perceive us.
  • Gilbert Ryle: Rejected the idea of a mind separate from the body, proposed that mind and body are intertwined.
  • Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Phenomenological perspective: Self is fundamentally embodied and experienced in the world.

The Self from Sociological Perspective

  • George Herbert Mead: The social self develops through social interaction. (Roles, Role Playing, Generalized Others)
  • Charles Horton Cooley: Looking-glass self; one's self-image develops based on how others perceive them.

Cultural Identity and National Identity

  • Culture: Shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values within a group.
  • Identity: Qualities making a person unique, emphasizing the role of cultural and societal influences.

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Understanding The Self (Prelim) PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to self-discovery, self-awareness, and personality. Explore how these elements interplay to form a multi-level understanding of the self. Test your knowledge on the roots of self-hood and their impact on personal development.

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