Understanding the Self: Perspectives and Theories

Philosophers agree with the age-old proposition of the Mind-Body ______.

Socrates believed that the true self is 'the ______' or the rational part of ourselves.

Plato expanded the concept of 'the soul' as having three ______.

To care for the self, Socrates argued we must ______ the self.

The body, although a part of the self, is only a ______ of the soul.

The conscious part of the self includes mental processes which we are aware of, while the unconscious part is not easily accessible to our ______.

Freud's structure of the mind consists of the ego, id, and the ______.

The ego operates on the reality principle and strives to balance the demands of the ______ and the superego.

William James viewed the self in terms of 'I' and ______.

The I-Self is the subjective self which acts in the ______ and now.

Self-esteem is our overall evaluation of ______.

A realistic view of self is crucial to maintain positive feelings about ______.

Self-efficacy is our beliefs about our capabilities to achieve a ______.

Ryle criticized ______ by questioning the connection between the mind and body.

Husserl and Merleau-Ponty emphasized that the self is experienced ______, rather than known objectively.

Paul Churchland argued that the self can be explained in terms of ______ phenomena observable in the brain.

Psychological perspectives on the self inquire into how the self knows itself, which is related to ______.

According to Freud, the self is composed of both ______ and unconscious elements.

Husserl's notion of ______ suggests that self-knowledge is based on personal lived experiences.

The self, according to Churchland, is congruent with ______, linking mind and brain closely.

Freud's work laid the foundation for understanding the self through the lens of ______ as a psychological construct.

The self must not be viewed in ______, but as part of a larger society.

According to George Herbert Mead, the self is constructed through the process of ______.

Mead distinguished between the I and the ______.

The self is differently ______ across cultures, influencing how individuals perceive themselves.

W. James described the Me-Self as an object of ______.

The ______ is the sum of all perceived perceptions others have of the self, according to G.H. Mead.

The self is said to be a product of ______ interaction and role-taking.

Mead believed there must be a balance between the I and the ______.

Plato's three-part self includes reason, appetite, and ______.

Augustine believed that understanding our true self allows us to know ______.

According to Descartes, our capability to doubt indicates our capacity to ______.

Descartes famously stated, 'Dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo ______.'

John Locke described the mind as a 'blank ______,' or tabula rasa.

Plato’s metaphor of the self is likened to a chariot driven by ______.

For Augustine, the self is both body and ______.

Freud's view has similarities with Plato's structure of the ______.

Identity achievement occurs when a person has made a commitment and explored meaningful ______.

Self-efficacy refers to our beliefs about our capabilities to achieve a ______.

According to Bandura, we can control our behavior towards more achievable ______.

Identity diffusion is characterized by having made no commitment and having not explored any ______.

Self-regulation is our ability to control our behaviors towards goals which are more likely to result in positive ______.

According to Locke, we are born as blank slates or ______ ______ with no consciousness.

Hume argues that the self is merely an amalgamation of different ______ over time.

Kant referred to the organizing principle of self as the ______ self.

Ryle understood the self as the pattern of behavior or the tendency to behave in a certain ______.

Locke believed that consciousness links our past selves with our present and ______ selves.

Kant criticized Hume's view, suggesting it is dangerous to think of the mind merely as a receptacle of fleeting ______.

According to Hume, for the self to exist as a constant idea, our impressions must also be constant and ______.

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is called __________ vs Mistrust.

The ______ self, according to Kant, refers to our conscious awareness and how we engage with experiences.

During the __________ vs. Shame and Doubt stage, toddlers learn about their power while understanding the need for limits.

The stage of __________ vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence, focusing on identity formation.

Finding meaning through contributing to society is a central focus of the __________ vs. Stagnation stage.

In the final stage, __________ vs. Despair, older adults reflect on their lives and come to terms with their choices.

The real self is capable of growth and ______.

The ideal self serves as a guide for the real self to achieve ______ identity.

The idealized self-image portrays individuals as a hero, a saint, or a ______.

Basic anxiety refers to the fear of being alone in a potentially ______ world.

The concept of 'tyranny of the shoulds' relates to the ______ self.

In collectivist cultures, the self is seen as fostering ______ and group success.

Many philosophies in the Eastern Hemisphere promote a more ______ conceptualization of the self.

Confucius' philosophy defines the self in terms of cardinal ______ nurtured by reciprocity.

Individualist cultures promote self-______ and individual achievement.

The self-view in Eastern societies is influenced by societal values and ______.

In individualist cultures, relationships are often characterized by ______ roles and egalitarianism.

Collectivist cultures promote adherence to ______, especially regarding respect for authority.

According to Markus & Kitayama, cultural values influence psychological processes by how individuals define their ______ in social networks.