Questions and Answers
Philosophers agree with the age-old proposition of the Mind-Body ______.
Duality
Socrates believed that the true self is 'the ______' or the rational part of ourselves.
soul
Plato expanded the concept of 'the soul' as having three ______.
parts
To care for the self, Socrates argued we must ______ the self.
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The body, although a part of the self, is only a ______ of the soul.
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The conscious part of the self includes mental processes which we are aware of, while the unconscious part is not easily accessible to our ______.
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Freud's structure of the mind consists of the ego, id, and the ______.
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The ego operates on the reality principle and strives to balance the demands of the ______ and the superego.
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William James viewed the self in terms of 'I' and ______.
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The I-Self is the subjective self which acts in the ______ and now.
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Self-esteem is our overall evaluation of ______.
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A realistic view of self is crucial to maintain positive feelings about ______.
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Self-efficacy is our beliefs about our capabilities to achieve a ______.
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Ryle criticized ______ by questioning the connection between the mind and body.
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Husserl and Merleau-Ponty emphasized that the self is experienced ______, rather than known objectively.
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Paul Churchland argued that the self can be explained in terms of ______ phenomena observable in the brain.
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Psychological perspectives on the self inquire into how the self knows itself, which is related to ______.
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According to Freud, the self is composed of both ______ and unconscious elements.
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Husserl's notion of ______ suggests that self-knowledge is based on personal lived experiences.
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The self, according to Churchland, is congruent with ______, linking mind and brain closely.
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Freud's work laid the foundation for understanding the self through the lens of ______ as a psychological construct.
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The self must not be viewed in ______, but as part of a larger society.
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According to George Herbert Mead, the self is constructed through the process of ______.
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Mead distinguished between the I and the ______.
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The self is differently ______ across cultures, influencing how individuals perceive themselves.
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W. James described the Me-Self as an object of ______.
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The ______ is the sum of all perceived perceptions others have of the self, according to G.H. Mead.
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The self is said to be a product of ______ interaction and role-taking.
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Mead believed there must be a balance between the I and the ______.
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Plato's three-part self includes reason, appetite, and ______.
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Augustine believed that understanding our true self allows us to know ______.
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According to Descartes, our capability to doubt indicates our capacity to ______.
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Descartes famously stated, 'Dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo ______.'
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John Locke described the mind as a 'blank ______,' or tabula rasa.
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Plato’s metaphor of the self is likened to a chariot driven by ______.
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For Augustine, the self is both body and ______.
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Freud's view has similarities with Plato's structure of the ______.
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Identity achievement occurs when a person has made a commitment and explored meaningful ______.
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Self-efficacy refers to our beliefs about our capabilities to achieve a ______.
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According to Bandura, we can control our behavior towards more achievable ______.
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Identity diffusion is characterized by having made no commitment and having not explored any ______.
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Self-regulation is our ability to control our behaviors towards goals which are more likely to result in positive ______.
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According to Locke, we are born as blank slates or ______ ______ with no consciousness.
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Hume argues that the self is merely an amalgamation of different ______ over time.
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Kant referred to the organizing principle of self as the ______ self.
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Ryle understood the self as the pattern of behavior or the tendency to behave in a certain ______.
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Locke believed that consciousness links our past selves with our present and ______ selves.
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Kant criticized Hume's view, suggesting it is dangerous to think of the mind merely as a receptacle of fleeting ______.
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According to Hume, for the self to exist as a constant idea, our impressions must also be constant and ______.
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The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is called __________ vs Mistrust.
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The ______ self, according to Kant, refers to our conscious awareness and how we engage with experiences.
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During the __________ vs. Shame and Doubt stage, toddlers learn about their power while understanding the need for limits.
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The stage of __________ vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence, focusing on identity formation.
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Finding meaning through contributing to society is a central focus of the __________ vs. Stagnation stage.
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In the final stage, __________ vs. Despair, older adults reflect on their lives and come to terms with their choices.
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The real self is capable of growth and ______.
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The ideal self serves as a guide for the real self to achieve ______ identity.
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The idealized self-image portrays individuals as a hero, a saint, or a ______.
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Basic anxiety refers to the fear of being alone in a potentially ______ world.
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The concept of 'tyranny of the shoulds' relates to the ______ self.
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In collectivist cultures, the self is seen as fostering ______ and group success.
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Many philosophies in the Eastern Hemisphere promote a more ______ conceptualization of the self.
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Confucius' philosophy defines the self in terms of cardinal ______ nurtured by reciprocity.
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Individualist cultures promote self-______ and individual achievement.
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The self-view in Eastern societies is influenced by societal values and ______.
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In individualist cultures, relationships are often characterized by ______ roles and egalitarianism.
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Collectivist cultures promote adherence to ______, especially regarding respect for authority.
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According to Markus & Kitayama, cultural values influence psychological processes by how individuals define their ______ in social networks.
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Study Notes
Understanding the Self
- The self is a complex concept shaped by philosophical, psychological, sociological, and anthropological perspectives.
- Insights into the self vary with individual experiences and societal context.
Philosophical Perspectives
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Mind-Body Duality: Philosophers highlight the distinction between the metaphysical mind and the physical body.
- Mind: A spiritual essence, the true self linked to deeper truths within our thoughts.
- Body: A flawed physical entity sensing the world through potentially deceptive means.
Key Philosophers
- Socrates: Proposed that the true self is the immortal soul, which can be understood through self-knowledge and questioning.
- Plato: Expanded on the soul's nature, categorizing it into three parts: reason (rational self), appetite (instinctive needs), and spirit (emotions).
Psychological Perspectives
-
Freudian Model:
- The self consists of conscious (aware) and unconscious (unaware) parts unified within the ego.
- Structure of the mind includes the id (instinctual desires), ego (reality and balance), and superego (moral judgment).
- William James: Introduced the concept of 'I' (personal identity) and 'Me' (social identity), highlighting how experiences shape self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Contemporary Views
- Gilbert Ryle: Questioned mind-body dualism, focusing on observable behaviors to define the self.
- Paul Churchland: Argued the self represents neurological phenomena explained via neuroscience.
Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives
- Emphasize that the self is shaped by social interactions and cultural values.
- George Herbert Mead: Discussed the development of self-awareness through social roles, introducing the concepts of 'I' (individual perception) and 'Me' (societal perception).
Cultural Views on Self
- Individualist Cultures: Prioritize independence, self-expression, and personal success.
- Collectivist Cultures: Emphasize group harmony, interdependence, and adherence to societal norms.
Identity Development
- James E. Marcia's Identity Status: Explores commitment and exploration of identity, categorizing individuals into achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, or diffusion statuses.
- Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Details identity formation across the lifespan through eight key stages.
Theoretical Contributions
- Karen Horney: Differentiated between the real self (achievable potential) and ideal self (aspirations), establishing a pathway for self-actualization.
- David Hume: Proposed that the self is a construct of varied impressions, lacking an immutable essence.
- Immanuel Kant: Suggested that a unified consciousness organizes sensory experiences, giving coherence to the self over time.
Concluding Thoughts
- Perspectives on the self intertwine and evolve through individual experiences, cultural contexts, and philosophical discourse.
- Understanding the self is an ongoing exploration, integrating multiple theories across disciplines.
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Description
This quiz explores the multifaceted concept of the self through philosophical, psychological, and sociological lenses. Key figures like Socrates and Plato are examined, alongside Freudian insights into conscious and unconscious aspects of the self. Test your knowledge on how individual experiences shape our understanding of selfhood.
