Understanding the Scientific Method

Study Notes

Scientists propose a hypothesis to explain phenomena and test it through experiments.
Inductive reasoning is employed to formulate hypotheses, leading to probable conclusions based on evidence.
Conclusions from inductive reasoning are not guaranteed, inviting a degree of speculation.

Inductive reasoning allows for creating multiple plausible hypotheses but cannot confirm their correctness.
Deductive reasoning provides absolute conclusions based on true premises, allowing for definitive predictions.
The empirical process helps science distinguish valid hypotheses from incorrect notions over time.

Science advances through the disproof of incorrect ideas rather than outright proof.
It comprises both the process of investigation and the accumulated knowledge.
Claims that cannot be tested scientifically fall outside the realm of science.

Theories are broad explanations that connect various observations across disciplines.
A theory must generate testable predictions consistent with evidence to be considered valid.
Major scientific theories include:
- Cosmology: Big Bang Theory
- Physics: Atomic Theory, Thermodynamic Theory, Quantum Theory, Theory of Relativity, Theory of Gravity
- Geology: Theory of Plate Tectonics
- Biology: Cell Theory, Germ Theory, Endosymbiotic Theory, Theory of Evolution

Life is defined as a self-perpetuating biochemical system capable of growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction.
Organisms, which are complete living entities, range from single cells to complex multicellular systems with trillions of cells.
The cell is recognized as the smallest unit fulfilling the criteria for life.