Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation?
- Type IV
- Type II
- Type I (correct)
- Type III
A client experiences a rash, pruritus, and angioedema after taking a new medication. Which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer?
A client experiences a rash, pruritus, and angioedema after taking a new medication. Which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer?
- Digoxin
- Warfarin
- Epinephrine (correct)
- Insulin
Which lab test is most commonly used to monitor the progression of HIV infection?
Which lab test is most commonly used to monitor the progression of HIV infection?
- CD4 count (correct)
- CBC with differential
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
A nurse is teaching a client about HIV transmission. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
A nurse is teaching a client about HIV transmission. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
A client with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids improve this condition?
A client with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids improve this condition?
Passive immunity is acquired through which of the following?
Passive immunity is acquired through which of the following?
Which of the following is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the primary role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?
A client has a history of anaphylaxis to bee stings. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to provide?
A client has a history of anaphylaxis to bee stings. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to provide?
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Which of the following statements best describes the 'window period' in HIV infection?
Which of the following statements best describes the 'window period' in HIV infection?
A client is undergoing immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. What is the most important nursing intervention during and after the injection?
A client is undergoing immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. What is the most important nursing intervention during and after the injection?
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions is antibody-mediated?
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions is antibody-mediated?
Which of the following interventions accurately reflects appropriate nursing care for a client experiencing a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following interventions accurately reflects appropriate nursing care for a client experiencing a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
A nurse is reviewing the lab results of a client suspected of having HIV, which result would most support the diagnosis?
A nurse is reviewing the lab results of a client suspected of having HIV, which result would most support the diagnosis?
A patient is diagnosed with hemolytic anemia due to warm autoantibodies. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be initiated first?
A patient is diagnosed with hemolytic anemia due to warm autoantibodies. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be initiated first?
A nurse is caring for a client with a splenectomy. Which of the following is the most critical long-term consideration?
A nurse is caring for a client with a splenectomy. Which of the following is the most critical long-term consideration?
You're providing education to a client newly diagnosed with HIV. Which statement indicates a correct understanding of how HIV impacts the immune system?
You're providing education to a client newly diagnosed with HIV. Which statement indicates a correct understanding of how HIV impacts the immune system?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia is being considered for treatment. Which of these interventions requires the MOST vigilant monitoring for opportunistic infections?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia is being considered for treatment. Which of these interventions requires the MOST vigilant monitoring for opportunistic infections?
In the extraordinarily rare case of a needlestick injury involving a patient with extremely high viral load HIV who is also co-infected with hepatitis C, the exposed healthcare worker faces a complex risk profile. Assuming appropriate PEP is initiated, which factor presents the GREATEST long-term challenge in managing the healthcare worker's health?
In the extraordinarily rare case of a needlestick injury involving a patient with extremely high viral load HIV who is also co-infected with hepatitis C, the exposed healthcare worker faces a complex risk profile. Assuming appropriate PEP is initiated, which factor presents the GREATEST long-term challenge in managing the healthcare worker's health?
Which of the following best describes the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)?
Which of the following best describes the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)?
A client with a bee sting allergy is stung. Which antibody is primarily responsible for initiating the allergic response?
A client with a bee sting allergy is stung. Which antibody is primarily responsible for initiating the allergic response?
After receiving a vaccination, which type of immunity develops?
After receiving a vaccination, which type of immunity develops?
Which of the following is characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following is characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?
What is the primary action of antibodies in humoral immunity?
What is the primary action of antibodies in humoral immunity?
A client has a consistently low CD4 count. Which immune function is most likely impaired?
A client has a consistently low CD4 count. Which immune function is most likely impaired?
Which of the following is the most likely outcome of an aging immune system?
Which of the following is the most likely outcome of an aging immune system?
Which diagnostic test is most useful in identifying specific allergens responsible for a patient's allergic rhinitis?
Which diagnostic test is most useful in identifying specific allergens responsible for a patient's allergic rhinitis?
A patient who is HIV positive has been diagnosed with tuberculosis. The nurse understands that this co-infection is especially concerning because:
A patient who is HIV positive has been diagnosed with tuberculosis. The nurse understands that this co-infection is especially concerning because:
The physician orders an immunoglobulin assay, and the nurse anticipates that this test will measure which of the following?
The physician orders an immunoglobulin assay, and the nurse anticipates that this test will measure which of the following?
A nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected immune disorder. Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of a potential problem with the lymphatic system?
A nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected immune disorder. Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of a potential problem with the lymphatic system?
A patient with a history of severe allergies carries an epinephrine auto-injector. Which statement indicates proper understanding of how to use this device?
A patient with a history of severe allergies carries an epinephrine auto-injector. Which statement indicates proper understanding of how to use this device?
A researcher is developing a new vaccine. Which component is essential for the vaccine to create long-term immunity?
A researcher is developing a new vaccine. Which component is essential for the vaccine to create long-term immunity?
A nurse is educating a client about potential triggers for allergic reactions. Which of the following is considered a common allergen?
A nurse is educating a client about potential triggers for allergic reactions. Which of the following is considered a common allergen?
A nurse is caring for a client receiving a blood transfusion who develops hives, itching, and wheezing. After stopping the transfusion, what is the nurse's next MOST important action?
A nurse is caring for a client receiving a blood transfusion who develops hives, itching, and wheezing. After stopping the transfusion, what is the nurse's next MOST important action?
A client reports a history of multiple infections over the past year. Lab results show decreased levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM. Which condition is MOST likely?
A client reports a history of multiple infections over the past year. Lab results show decreased levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM. Which condition is MOST likely?
A client undergoing stem cell transplantation needs prophylactic measures to prevent opportunistic infections. Which intervention is MOST critical?
A client undergoing stem cell transplantation needs prophylactic measures to prevent opportunistic infections. Which intervention is MOST critical?
A new graduate nurse is reviewing the complement system. Which statement accurately describes the MOST important function of this system?
A new graduate nurse is reviewing the complement system. Which statement accurately describes the MOST important function of this system?
In an extremely rare case, a previously healthy individual exhibits complete absence of both T and B cells due to a genetic mutation. Beyond the immediate risk of overwhelming infection, what long-term consequence is MOST probable if the individual survives?
In an extremely rare case, a previously healthy individual exhibits complete absence of both T and B cells due to a genetic mutation. Beyond the immediate risk of overwhelming infection, what long-term consequence is MOST probable if the individual survives?
A researcher discovers a novel protein on the surface of certain cancer cells that completely inactivates complement C3 convertase in its microenvironment. If this protein can be successfully targeted by a drug, what immunological effect is MOST likely to occur?
A researcher discovers a novel protein on the surface of certain cancer cells that completely inactivates complement C3 convertase in its microenvironment. If this protein can be successfully targeted by a drug, what immunological effect is MOST likely to occur?
Which of the following is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion starts to develop flushing, hives, and difficulty breathing. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely occurring?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion starts to develop flushing, hives, and difficulty breathing. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely occurring?
What is the primary laboratory test used to stage and monitor the progression of HIV infection, guiding treatment decisions?
What is the primary laboratory test used to stage and monitor the progression of HIV infection, guiding treatment decisions?
A client with HIV is being taught about preventing the transmission of the virus. Which statement indicates the need for further education?
A client with HIV is being taught about preventing the transmission of the virus. Which statement indicates the need for further education?
A patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary action of corticosteroids in this condition?
A patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary action of corticosteroids in this condition?
How is passive immunity typically acquired?
How is passive immunity typically acquired?
Which of the following reactions is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following reactions is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
In the context of the immune response, what is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
In the context of the immune response, what is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
A patient with a known bee sting allergy is stung by a bee. Which instruction is MOST crucial for the nurse to emphasize?
A patient with a known bee sting allergy is stung by a bee. Which instruction is MOST crucial for the nurse to emphasize?
Which of the following lab results is MOST indicative of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Which of the following lab results is MOST indicative of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What is the MOST accurate description of the 'window period' in HIV infection?
What is the MOST accurate description of the 'window period' in HIV infection?
A patient is undergoing immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Following the injection, what is the MOST important nursing intervention?
A patient is undergoing immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Following the injection, what is the MOST important nursing intervention?
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?
What nursing intervention is MOST appropriate for a patient experiencing a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What nursing intervention is MOST appropriate for a patient experiencing a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which lab result would provide the STRONGEST evidence supporting a diagnosis of HIV in a patient?
Which lab result would provide the STRONGEST evidence supporting a diagnosis of HIV in a patient?
What is the typical first-line treatment for a patient diagnosed with hemolytic anemia due to warm autoantibodies?
What is the typical first-line treatment for a patient diagnosed with hemolytic anemia due to warm autoantibodies?
What is the MOST critical long-term consideration for a patient following a splenectomy?
What is the MOST critical long-term consideration for a patient following a splenectomy?
A patient newly diagnosed with HIV asks how the virus affects their immune system. Which of the following statements indicates a correct understanding?
A patient newly diagnosed with HIV asks how the virus affects their immune system. Which of the following statements indicates a correct understanding?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia requiring aggressive immunosuppression requires the MOST vigilant monitoring for what complication?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia requiring aggressive immunosuppression requires the MOST vigilant monitoring for what complication?
What is the PRIMARY role of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) in the immune system?
What is the PRIMARY role of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) in the immune system?
Following a bee sting, which antibody is PRIMARILY responsible for triggering the immediate allergic response in a sensitized individual?
Following a bee sting, which antibody is PRIMARILY responsible for triggering the immediate allergic response in a sensitized individual?
What type of immunity is developed after receiving a vaccination?
What type of immunity is developed after receiving a vaccination?
Which characteristic is MOST indicative of cell-mediated immunity?
Which characteristic is MOST indicative of cell-mediated immunity?
What is the MAJOR action of antibodies in humoral immunity?
What is the MAJOR action of antibodies in humoral immunity?
A patient has a consistently low CD4 count. Which immune function is MOST likely to be impaired?
A patient has a consistently low CD4 count. Which immune function is MOST likely to be impaired?
Which of the following is the MOST likely effect of an aging immune system?
Which of the following is the MOST likely effect of an aging immune system?
What diagnostic test is MOST useful for identifying the specific allergens responsible for a patient's allergic rhinitis?
What diagnostic test is MOST useful for identifying the specific allergens responsible for a patient's allergic rhinitis?
A patient with HIV develops tuberculosis (TB). Why is this co-infection particularly concerning?
A patient with HIV develops tuberculosis (TB). Why is this co-infection particularly concerning?
The physician orders an immunoglobulin assay. What does this test measure?
The physician orders an immunoglobulin assay. What does this test measure?
During an assessment, which finding is MOST indicative of a potential lymphatic system problem?
During an assessment, which finding is MOST indicative of a potential lymphatic system problem?
A patient with a history of severe allergies is prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector. Which statement indicates proper understanding of its use?
A patient with a history of severe allergies is prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector. Which statement indicates proper understanding of its use?
What component is ESSENTIAL for a vaccine to create long-term immunity?
What component is ESSENTIAL for a vaccine to create long-term immunity?
Which of the following is a common allergen?
Which of the following is a common allergen?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops hives, itching, and wheezing. After STOPPING the transfusion, what is the nurse's NEXT MOST important action?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops hives, itching, and wheezing. After STOPPING the transfusion, what is the nurse's NEXT MOST important action?
A patient reports a history of multiple infections and lab results show decreased levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM. What condition is MOST likely?
A patient reports a history of multiple infections and lab results show decreased levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM. What condition is MOST likely?
A patient undergoing stem cell transplantation needs prophylactic measures. Which intervention is MOST critical to prevent?
A patient undergoing stem cell transplantation needs prophylactic measures. Which intervention is MOST critical to prevent?
Which statement accurately describes the MOST important function of the complement system?
Which statement accurately describes the MOST important function of the complement system?
Consider a scenario where a novel virus targets and disables dendritic cells, key antigen-presenting cells, in an infected individual. Which immunological consequence would be the MOST immediate and severe?
Consider a scenario where a novel virus targets and disables dendritic cells, key antigen-presenting cells, in an infected individual. Which immunological consequence would be the MOST immediate and severe?
A researcher is investigating the complement system and discovers a novel protein that inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Which downstream immunological consequence is MOST likely to occur due to this protein's activity?
A researcher is investigating the complement system and discovers a novel protein that inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Which downstream immunological consequence is MOST likely to occur due to this protein's activity?
A patient with a rare genetic defect has consistently high levels of circulating B cells but produces very few functional antibodies, despite normal T cell help and no known defects in somatic hypermutation. Further investigation reveals a defect in a signaling molecule specific to plasma cell differentiation. Which molecule is MOST likely to be defective?
A patient with a rare genetic defect has consistently high levels of circulating B cells but produces very few functional antibodies, despite normal T cell help and no known defects in somatic hypermutation. Further investigation reveals a defect in a signaling molecule specific to plasma cell differentiation. Which molecule is MOST likely to be defective?
A researcher is studying a population with a high prevalence of a novel mutation that results in a non-functional thymus. What immunological changes is MOST likely to be observed in individuals with this mutation?
A researcher is studying a population with a high prevalence of a novel mutation that results in a non-functional thymus. What immunological changes is MOST likely to be observed in individuals with this mutation?
A patient presents with recurrent, severe viral infections and is found to have a complete absence of MHC class I molecules on all nucleated cells. Which immune cell population is MOST likely to be dysfunctional in this patient?
A patient presents with recurrent, severe viral infections and is found to have a complete absence of MHC class I molecules on all nucleated cells. Which immune cell population is MOST likely to be dysfunctional in this patient?
In an experimental setting, researchers deplete complement component C5a in mice. Which of the following responses would be MOST affected?
In an experimental setting, researchers deplete complement component C5a in mice. Which of the following responses would be MOST affected?
A researcher is investigating a novel immunodeficiency characterized by a selective defect in IgA production. Which mucosal site is MOST likely to exhibit the most significant vulnerability to infection in affected individuals?
A researcher is investigating a novel immunodeficiency characterized by a selective defect in IgA production. Which mucosal site is MOST likely to exhibit the most significant vulnerability to infection in affected individuals?
A patient with a history of recurrent bacterial infections is diagnosed with a deficiency in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Which of the following immune cell types is MOST directly affected by this deficiency?
A patient with a history of recurrent bacterial infections is diagnosed with a deficiency in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Which of the following immune cell types is MOST directly affected by this deficiency?
A patient undergoing chronic immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis develops Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Which of the following immune cell types is MOST critical for controlling this opportunistic infection?
A patient undergoing chronic immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis develops Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Which of the following immune cell types is MOST critical for controlling this opportunistic infection?
A researcher is developing a novel adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of a subunit vaccine. Which mechanism of action would be MOST desirable for this adjuvant?
A researcher is developing a novel adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of a subunit vaccine. Which mechanism of action would be MOST desirable for this adjuvant?
A patient with a history of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. What pre-transplant conditioning regimen is MOST critical for ensuring successful engraftment?
A patient with a history of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. What pre-transplant conditioning regimen is MOST critical for ensuring successful engraftment?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops acute respiratory distress, hypotension, and angioedema within minutes of starting the transfusion. Despite immediate cessation of the transfusion and administration of epinephrine, the patient's condition continues to deteriorate. Which of the following interventions is MOST crucial to prevent further hemodynamic collapse?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops acute respiratory distress, hypotension, and angioedema within minutes of starting the transfusion. Despite immediate cessation of the transfusion and administration of epinephrine, the patient's condition continues to deteriorate. Which of the following interventions is MOST crucial to prevent further hemodynamic collapse?
A researcher identifies a novel mutation in a gene encoding a protein essential for somatic hypermutation in B cells. Which immunological consequence would be MOST likely to result from this mutation?
A researcher identifies a novel mutation in a gene encoding a protein essential for somatic hypermutation in B cells. Which immunological consequence would be MOST likely to result from this mutation?
A patient with suspected autoimmune disease presents with a constellation of symptoms including fever, fatigue, joint pain, and a characteristic 'butterfly rash'. The physician orders an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, which returns a positive result with a speckled pattern. Which of the following follow-up tests would be MOST specific for distinguishing between different autoimmune disorders associated with a positive ANA?
A patient with suspected autoimmune disease presents with a constellation of symptoms including fever, fatigue, joint pain, and a characteristic 'butterfly rash'. The physician orders an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, which returns a positive result with a speckled pattern. Which of the following follow-up tests would be MOST specific for distinguishing between different autoimmune disorders associated with a positive ANA?
A patient with a history of recurrent sinopulmonary infections is diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Considering the underlying pathophysiology of CVID, which of the following vaccination strategies would be MOST appropriate for this patient?
A patient with a history of recurrent sinopulmonary infections is diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Considering the underlying pathophysiology of CVID, which of the following vaccination strategies would be MOST appropriate for this patient?
During a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to poison ivy, which cytokine is MOST responsible for the recruitment and activation of macrophages, leading to the characteristic skin lesions?
During a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to poison ivy, which cytokine is MOST responsible for the recruitment and activation of macrophages, leading to the characteristic skin lesions?
A researcher is developing a therapeutic strategy to treat autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Which of the following approaches would be MOST likely to induce long-term remission by targeting the underlying cause of the disease?
A researcher is developing a therapeutic strategy to treat autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Which of the following approaches would be MOST likely to induce long-term remission by targeting the underlying cause of the disease?
A patient is suspected of having a complement deficiency. If there's a defect in the early components (C1-C4) of the classical pathway, which condition is the patient MOST susceptible to?
A patient is suspected of having a complement deficiency. If there's a defect in the early components (C1-C4) of the classical pathway, which condition is the patient MOST susceptible to?
A patient is undergoing evaluation for recurrent angioedema without urticaria. A deficiency in which of the following proteins would be MOST likely to explain these symptoms?
A patient is undergoing evaluation for recurrent angioedema without urticaria. A deficiency in which of the following proteins would be MOST likely to explain these symptoms?
A researcher is investigating the mechanism of action of a novel immunosuppressant drug. They discover that the drug selectively inhibits the co-stimulatory interaction between CD28 on T cells and B7 molecules (CD80/CD86) on antigen-presenting cells. What effect would MOST likely be observed in T cell activation?
A researcher is investigating the mechanism of action of a novel immunosuppressant drug. They discover that the drug selectively inhibits the co-stimulatory interaction between CD28 on T cells and B7 molecules (CD80/CD86) on antigen-presenting cells. What effect would MOST likely be observed in T cell activation?
A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis is treated with a TNF-alpha inhibitor. While this effectively manages their joint inflammation, opportunistic infections start to manifest. Which of the following infections is the MOST concerning complication in individuals undergoing TNF-alpha inhibitor treatment?
A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis is treated with a TNF-alpha inhibitor. While this effectively manages their joint inflammation, opportunistic infections start to manifest. Which of the following infections is the MOST concerning complication in individuals undergoing TNF-alpha inhibitor treatment?
A patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has impaired neutrophil function. Which cellular process is PRIMARILY affected in these patients?
A patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has impaired neutrophil function. Which cellular process is PRIMARILY affected in these patients?
A client is being evaluated for a possible immune deficiency. One of the initial screening tests ordered is a complete blood count (CBC) with differential. Which of the following CBC findings MOST strongly suggests a diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
A client is being evaluated for a possible immune deficiency. One of the initial screening tests ordered is a complete blood count (CBC) with differential. Which of the following CBC findings MOST strongly suggests a diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
A research team is investigating novel therapeutic targets for allergic asthma. Which intervention is MOST likely to provide the MOST targeted approach to reduce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity?
A research team is investigating novel therapeutic targets for allergic asthma. Which intervention is MOST likely to provide the MOST targeted approach to reduce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is monitoring a novel influenza strain with a significantly altered hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Which of the following immunological mechanisms would be MOST likely to contribute to widespread susceptibility to this novel strain?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is monitoring a novel influenza strain with a significantly altered hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Which of the following immunological mechanisms would be MOST likely to contribute to widespread susceptibility to this novel strain?
A patient with a history of intravenous drug use is diagnosed with HIV. Baseline lab results show an extremely high viral load and a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL. Despite initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) promptly, the patient’s CD4+ count fails to increase significantly after one year of treatment. What is the MOST likely reason for this immunological non-response?
A patient with a history of intravenous drug use is diagnosed with HIV. Baseline lab results show an extremely high viral load and a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL. Despite initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) promptly, the patient’s CD4+ count fails to increase significantly after one year of treatment. What is the MOST likely reason for this immunological non-response?
A patient with a history of allergies is undergoing skin prick testing. Which of the following findings is the MOST reliable indicator of a clinically significant allergen?
A patient with a history of allergies is undergoing skin prick testing. Which of the following findings is the MOST reliable indicator of a clinically significant allergen?
A researcher is investigating a novel cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. They discover that this cytokine promotes the differentiation of T helper cells into Th17 cells. Which downstream effect is MOST likely to be associated with this cytokine?
A researcher is investigating a novel cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. They discover that this cytokine promotes the differentiation of T helper cells into Th17 cells. Which downstream effect is MOST likely to be associated with this cytokine?
A patient is diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. The nurse understands that impaired function at the neuromuscular junction in Myasthenia Gravis is due to:
A patient is diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. The nurse understands that impaired function at the neuromuscular junction in Myasthenia Gravis is due to:
A patient is started on cyclosporine following a kidney transplant. What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which cyclosporine prevents organ rejection?
A patient is started on cyclosporine following a kidney transplant. What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which cyclosporine prevents organ rejection?
A researcher is conducting a study on HIV pathogenesis. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains how HIV causes a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell counts?
A researcher is conducting a study on HIV pathogenesis. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains how HIV causes a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell counts?
Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the mechanism underlying immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected individuals initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the mechanism underlying immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected individuals initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
A patient diagnosed with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is not responding to first-line corticosteroid therapy. The hematologist schedules her for a Rituximab infusion. What should the nurse prioritize in terms of education to the patient?
A patient diagnosed with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is not responding to first-line corticosteroid therapy. The hematologist schedules her for a Rituximab infusion. What should the nurse prioritize in terms of education to the patient?
In HIV disease, what is the significance of quantifying HIV RNA levels (viral load) using PCR?
In HIV disease, what is the significance of quantifying HIV RNA levels (viral load) using PCR?
Following a splenectomy for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, what immunization schedule is MOST critical?
Following a splenectomy for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, what immunization schedule is MOST critical?
In a client undergoing immunotherapy, what indicates a systemic reaction requiring IMMEDIATE intervention?
In a client undergoing immunotherapy, what indicates a systemic reaction requiring IMMEDIATE intervention?
A newly diagnosed HIV patient says: "If I consistently take my medication, I won't be able to transmit the virus." What aspect indicates this statement needs further education?
A newly diagnosed HIV patient says: "If I consistently take my medication, I won't be able to transmit the virus." What aspect indicates this statement needs further education?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia is scheduled to start on eculizumab therapy. What is a crucial step to consider prior to giving Eculizumab?
A patient with severe, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia is scheduled to start on eculizumab therapy. What is a crucial step to consider prior to giving Eculizumab?
Following the mapping of the human genome, recombinant DNA technology is used in gene therapy. What statement is the BEST example of gene therapy in immune disorders?
Following the mapping of the human genome, recombinant DNA technology is used in gene therapy. What statement is the BEST example of gene therapy in immune disorders?
Flashcards
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Hypersensitivity Reaction
An exaggerated immune response that causes tissue damage or dysfunction.
Type I Hypersensitivity
Type I Hypersensitivity
Immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies; examples include allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.
Type II Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity
Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity (IgG, IgM) that causes tissue damage by complement activation or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Goodpasture syndrome.
Type III Hypersensitivity
Type III Hypersensitivity
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Nursing Care for Anaphylaxis
Nursing Care for Anaphylaxis
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Allergy Education
Allergy Education
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HIV Lab Monitoring
HIV Lab Monitoring
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HIV Transmission Routes
HIV Transmission Routes
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Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias
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Nursing Care for Autoimmune Anemia
Nursing Care for Autoimmune Anemia
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Immunity
Immunity
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Antigens
Antigens
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Cytotoxic T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
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B Cells
B Cells
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Active Immunity
Active Immunity
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Immunological Subjective data
Immunological Subjective data
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Immunological Objective data
Immunological Objective data
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CBC with differential
CBC with differential
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Systemic Anaphylaxis
Systemic Anaphylaxis
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Contact Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
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Epinephrine
Epinephrine
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Antihistamines
Antihistamines
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CD4/CD8 Count
CD4/CD8 Count
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Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
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Nursing interventions for anaphylactic shock
Nursing interventions for anaphylactic shock
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Preventative measures for anaphylaxis
Preventative measures for anaphylaxis
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Lab tests for Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Lab tests for Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
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Nursing interventions for autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Nursing interventions for autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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ELISA test for HIV
ELISA test for HIV
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Routes of HIV Transmission
Routes of HIV Transmission
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Warm Antibody Anemia
Warm Antibody Anemia
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Cold Antibody Anemia
Cold Antibody Anemia
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Nursing care for Cold Antibody Anemia
Nursing care for Cold Antibody Anemia
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Anaphylactic Reaction
Anaphylactic Reaction
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Assessment for Allergic Reactions
Assessment for Allergic Reactions
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Emergency Treatment of Anaphylaxis
Emergency Treatment of Anaphylaxis
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Significance of Decreasing CD4+ Count
Significance of Decreasing CD4+ Count
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Importance of Adherence to ART
Importance of Adherence to ART
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Reducing HIV Transmission Risk
Reducing HIV Transmission Risk
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Signs & Symptoms of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Signs & Symptoms of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
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Pharmacologic Treatment of Autoimmune Anemia
Pharmacologic Treatment of Autoimmune Anemia
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Patient Education with Autoimmune Anemia
Patient Education with Autoimmune Anemia
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Study Notes
- Immunity refers to the body's capability to fend off pathogens or other foreign materials, preventing future infectious disease cases.
A&P of the Immune System
- The immune system comprises lymphoid organs, tissues, lymphocytes, WBCs, and chemicals activating cells to eliminate foreign elements.
- The lymphatic system involves lymphatic vessels returning lymph to the circulatory system, lymph nodes, nodules, the spleen, red bone marrow, and the thymus.
- Lymph nodes are concentrated in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas.
- Lymph nodules, which lack encapsulation, are under the surface of mucous membranes (e.g., tonsils).
Antigens
- Antigens are chemical markers identifying cells, marking our own as "self" (HLA).
- Foreign antigens will be destroyed by the immune system.
- Major histocompatibility complex antigens are also called human leukocyte antigens, which are genetically determined and tolerated by the body's immune system.
Lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells patrol and eradicate foreign, mutated, or infected cells through cytolysis.
- T cells originate in the red bone marrow, then mature in the thymus, launching a direct attack.
- B cells arise and mature in bone marrow, executing an indirect attack by differentiating into plasma cells, which release antibodies.
Antibodies
- Antibodies, also known as Immunoglobulins (Ig) or gamma globulins, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells (B cells) in response to foreign antigens.
- Antibodies are specific to one antigen, attaching to antigens to label them for destruction.
- The classes of antibodies include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Mechanisms of Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity is highly effective against intracellular pathogens.
- T cell response involves cytotoxic T cells attacking, helper T cells assisting, and memory T cells remembering.
Humoral Immunity
- Humoral immunity is effective against extracellular pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
- B cells become plasma cells which produce antibodies.
- The antigen-antibody complex immobilizes the antigen and labels it for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils.
- The complement cascade is a protein cascade to lyse cells and attract macrophages.
Antibody Response
- During the first exposure, antibodies are produced slowly, and memory cells accumulate.
- Upon second exposure, memory cells respond rapidly and produce antibodies.
- Vaccines can also neutralize viruses, preventing them from entering cells and replicating.
- In allergic responses, IgE antibodies bind to allergens, triggering histamine release, leading to anaphylactic shock that is characterized by a loss of plasma and a sudden drop in blood pressure.
Types of Immunity
Passive Immunity
- Antibodies are obtained from sources other than self.
- Placental or breast milk transmission provides natural passive immunity.
- Injection offers artificial passive immunity, as seen with Hepatitis B exposure.
- Passive immunity is always temporary.
Active Immunity
- Antibodies are produced by the person and are a response to memory cells after having an infection.
- Vaccines provide artificial active immunity.
- Active immunity is either lifelong or temporary.
The Aging Immune System
- The aging immune system has less efficient immune responses, increased perception of body tissue as foreign, and malignant cells are not destroyed as quickly.
- Results can include increased infections, especially secondary infections, increased autoimmune disorders, and increased cancer incidence.
Assessment & Data Collection
- Gender, ethnicity, allergies, and surgical history are examples of subjective data that should be obtained.
- Objective data should be collected using a head-to-toe assessment, also noting any enlarged lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen.
- Cyanosis or erythema should be noted during inspection.
- Rashes should be examined for size, shape, location, texture, drainage, and pruritus (itching).
Laboratory Tests
- CBC with differential, ESR, Rheumatoid Factor (RF), and Antinuclear Antibody Tests are all laboratory tests that can be used.
- Complement (total, C3, C4), CRP, Immunoglobulin assay (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD), Antigen-Antibody combination immunoassay, Antibody differentiation Immunoassay, and Nucleic acid tests are also used.
- Further tests include HIV, Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), CD4, and CD8.
Diagnostic Procedures
- Gene testing involves oral or nasal swabs to map genetic disorders.
- Biopsy involves invasive tissue testing for cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, and transplant rejection.
- Skin testing introduces candida, tetanus, TB, or specific allergens.
Therapeutic Measures
- Identification and avoidance of allergies is important.
- Using an EpiPen and antihistamines in the event of an allergic reaction.
- Immunotherapy, like SCIT and SLIT, can be used for allergies.
- Medications like antibiotics, antihistamines, antivirals, corticosteroids, decongestants, epinephrine, and histamine blockers exist.
- Hormone therapy, immunosuppressants, interferon, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers are also medications that can be used.
- A splenectomy is a surgical management option to control symptoms.
- Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA technology can replace abnormal or missing genes with normal genes, T lymphocyte gene transfer stem cell injection.
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