21 Questions
What is the primary site of development for B cells?
Bone marrow
What is responsible for immunological memory in the immune system?
Adaptive immunity
Which lymphocytes are activated by their specific interaction with antigens?
T cells
16
16.1 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Immunity adaptive (acquired) immunity – The response mediated by lymphocytes that are activated by their specific interaction with antigen.
How do mitogens increase G1–Cdk activity?
By activating the MAP kinase cascade and promoting cyclin D gene expression
Which lymphocytes are differentiated in the thymus from stem cells of bone marrow origin?
T cells
What is the role of the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade in mitogenic control of G1–Cdk activity?
It stimulates cyclin D gene expression and promotes cyclin D–Cdk activity
What is the consequence of mitogens promoting the assembly of cyclin D–Cdk4 complex?
Increased G1–Cdk activity
How does CDK4 contribute to G1–Cdk activity?
By promoting the assembly of cyclin D–Cdk4 complex
How does PI3 kinase (PI3K) influence G1–Cdk activity?
It inhibits GSK3b to suppress cyclin D nuclear export and destruction, enhancing G1–Cdk activity
What is the impact of GSK3b inhibition by mitogens on cyclin D–Cdk activity?
Suppressed nuclear export and destruction of cyclin D, leading to increased cyclin D–Cdk activity
What is the primary role of extracellular mitogens in controlling cell division?
Stimulating the synthesis of immediate early genes
How does the Ras pathway contribute to mitogenic signaling?
Recruiting and activating the protein kinase Raf
What is the primary function of the PI3 kinase pathway in mitogenic signaling?
Phosphorylating phosphatidylinositol (PI)
How does TGF-β exert anti-mitogenic actions?
Repressing expression of MYC
What is the role of Myc protein in cell division?
Stimulating the synthesis of immediate early genes
How do animal cells coordinate cell growth and division?
By ensuring that division occurs only when growth is sufficient
What is a general mechanism for controlling cell growth and division in some animal cells?
Separate control of growth and division by independent factors
What was the primary treatment used on cultured Schwann cells from rats?
(growth factor) IGF-I
What is the consequence of high levels of Myc protein in proliferating cells?
Stimulation of synthesis of immediate early genes
What is the outcome of G1 arrest stimulated by TGF-β?
Activation of the gene encoding p15INK4b
Study Notes
B Cell Development and Immunological Memory
- The primary site of development for B cells is the bone marrow.
- Immunological memory in the immune system is responsible for remembering and responding to previous infections.
Lymphocyte Activation and Development
- Lymphocytes that are activated by their specific interaction with antigens are called antigen-specific lymphocytes.
- The thymus is responsible for differentiating lymphocytes from stem cells of bone marrow origin.
Mitogenic Control of G1-Cdk Activity
- Mitogens increase G1-Cdk activity by promoting the assembly of cyclin D-Cdk4 complex.
- The consequence of mitogens promoting the assembly of cyclin D-Cdk4 complex is the activation of G1-Cdk activity.
- CDK4 contributes to G1-Cdk activity by forming a complex with cyclin D.
- PI3 kinase (PI3K) influences G1-Cdk activity by activating CDK4.
- The inhibition of GSK3b by mitogens leads to the activation of cyclin D-Cdk activity.
- The MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade plays a key role in the mitogenic control of G1-Cdk activity.
Cell Division and Growth
- The primary role of extracellular mitogens in controlling cell division is to stimulate G1-Cdk activity.
- The Ras pathway contributes to mitogenic signaling by activating the MAPK cascade.
- The primary function of the PI3 kinase pathway in mitogenic signaling is to activate CDK4.
- TGF-β exerts anti-mitogenic actions by stimulating G1 arrest.
- Myc protein plays a key role in cell division by regulating G1-Cdk activity.
- Animal cells coordinate cell growth and division by regulating the G1-Cdk activity.
- A general mechanism for controlling cell growth and division in some animal cells is the regulation of G1-Cdk activity.
Cell Culture and Treatment
- Cultured Schwann cells from rats were primarily treated with high levels of Myc protein.
- The consequence of high levels of Myc protein in proliferating cells is the stimulation of G1-Cdk activity.
- The outcome of G1 arrest stimulated by TGF-β is the inhibition of cell growth and division.
Test your knowledge of the immune system's innate and adaptive elements, B and T lymphocytes, immune diversity, and memory. Learn about antigens, B cells, and the evolution of immunity in multicellular animals.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
