C4C Ch 5 Understanding the client system (varied)

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Questions and Answers

What is an important source of information for evaluating a program?

  • Social media posts
  • Public documents (correct)
  • Consultant's personal opinions
  • Employee gossip

Organizations are always transparent and forthcoming with their true culture in workshops.

False (B)

What can tracing the sources of money help reveal about an organization?

why an organization behaves as it does

The analogy of a ________ helps us appreciate how sensitive and dangerous the process of organizational exposure is.

<p>hippo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dynamics can significantly impact a CSO's development vision?

<p>Political and religious dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Audited financial statements are rarely useful for understanding an organization's hidden issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should programme evaluations ideally analyze?

<p>what is actually happening in practice and what impact this has had</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items to their description according to the text:

<p>Programme evaluations = Should analyse what is actually happening in practice and what impact this has had. Public documents = Can be important sources of information for programme evaluation. Financial statements = An invaluable source of revealing information Outstanding loan = May indicate hidden internal conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of using a 'washing line' approach with marker moments?

<p>It provides a way to visualize phases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys are most effective when used in isolation from other methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one question that can be asked to probe further into a situation's analysis?

<p>What good things came out of the difficulties?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys can provide excellent material for starting group discussions by mirroring back the ________ and discussing differences in scoring.

<p>findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using 'artefacts' in a 'washing line' approach?

<p>To represent each phase visually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Group discussions are never as important as quantitative data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to 'dig deeper' after a survey has been conducted?

<p>semi-structured interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the method with its description:

<p>Washing line with marker moments = A method to visualize phases in a process Surveys and Questionnaires = Can become counter-productive if used on their own Semi-structured Interviews = A method used to 'dig deeper' after surveys Group Discussions = An approach to understand different points of view</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered 'listening to the head'?

<p>Listening to thoughts, facts, and concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asking 'why' questions is generally the most effective way to conduct interviews.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should long pauses between questions be considered?

<p>Useful and important</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listening to the heart involves focusing on the ____________ level.

<p>feeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each 'listening level' to the aspects it focuses on:

<p>Listening to the head = Thoughts, facts, concepts Listening to the heart = Feelings, emotions, values Listening to the feet = Intentions, energy, direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes 'listening to the feet'?

<p>Focusing on intentions, energy, and direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strongly denied feelings can be less informative than strongly expressed feelings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do good questions help people discover about underlying issues?

<p>For themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the diagram, what is the first step in the process of change?

<p>Engaging the client (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the diagram, 'Inspiring Change' is the second step in the change process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content say that consultants should aim to understand about an organization?

<p>The wider system, external relationships, local culture and organizational culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text refers to 'looking below the _______' to understand organisational culture.

<p>waterline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the phrase 'looking below the waterline'?

<p>Exploring the underlying and often hidden aspects of an organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram indicates that planning for implementation happens before engaging the client.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the step in the process of change with its number in the diagram:

<p>Engaging the client = 1 Understanding the client system = 2 Inspiring change = 3 Planning for implementation = 4 Accompanying implementation = 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between what is visible and the real situation in an organization?

<p>What is visible may bear little resemblance to the real situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonality among organizational assessment tools?

<p>They typically focus on similar issues such as governance and leadership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organizational assessment tools always work well if used in isolation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'onion model,' what is the outermost layer of an organization?

<p>physical and financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

The onion model suggests that a key layer of an organization is the ______ needed to carry out the work.

<p>systems and structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the usefulness of organizational assessment models?

<p>They are useful, but no single model can tell the whole story. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The onion model views an organization as static and unchanging.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be highlighted by aggregating scores in organizational assessment tools?

<p>strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements to their corresponding layer within the 'onion' model of organizations:

<p>Physical and financial resources = Outermost layer Staff's knowledge and skills = Second layer Systems and structures = Third layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What four phases are included in the 'generative' approach?

<p>Discovery, Dream, Design, Destiny (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A comprehensive diagnosis with many recommendations is the best way to ensure organizational change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Malawian proverb 'Many, many are the bees, but tell me about the ones that are stinging' illustrate?

<p>The need to prioritize issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead of negative, critical diagnosis there is what is called ______.

<p>discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their description:

<p>Discovery = Identifying what processes are working well Dream = Envisioning processes that would work well in the future Design = Planning workable processes for the future Destiny = Implementation of the proposed design</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach promotes new thinking about issues in an organization?

<p>A Generative Approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A facilitator should encourage an organization to create a long list of actions to make changes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the consultant checklist, what kind of dynamics needs to be understood when helping the organization?

<p>Relationships and influential power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Programme evaluation

The process of examining how an organization operates in practice and its impact.

Organizational politics

The unspoken rules, relationships, power dynamics, and agendas that influence an organization's behavior.

Political and religious dynamics in organizations

The impact of political and religious forces on how an organization functions and serves its beneficiaries.

Reading financial statements

A detailed analysis of an organization's financial records to understand its income, expenses, and overall financial health.

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Charging for safety (in organizational context)

An instance where an organization, in its desire to maintain a positive image, may overemphasize its positive aspects and downplay its challenges or shortcomings.

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Tracing sources of money

The process of examining and understanding an organization's financial reports and accounting information to gain insights into its operations and decision-making processes.

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Understanding donor influence

Using financial statements to gain an understanding of the influence of donors on an organization's actions and policies.

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Hidden issues revealed through accounts

An analysis of an organization's finances that can reveal internal conflicts, leadership issues, and other hidden aspects of organizational life.

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Understanding the Client System

Understanding and analyzing the broader context in which a client organization operates, including its external connections and internal culture.

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Looking Below the Waterline

Identifying and understanding the real, deeper currents of an organization's culture, which might not be immediately apparent.

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Inspiring Change

Inspiring positive change within a client organization by creating a shared vision and motivation for improvement.

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Planning for Implementation

Planning and outlining the detailed steps and strategies for implementing change within an organization.

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Accompanying Implementation

Supporting and guiding the client organization through the process of implementing the planned changes.

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Engaging the Client

Engaging with the client organization, understanding their needs, establishing trust and building a collaborative relationship.

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The Consultant

The role of the consultant in facilitating and guiding organizational change processes.

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Good Practice Consultancy

A collection of best practices and principles for effective consultancy, emphasizing a thorough understanding of the client system and the importance of a collaborative approach.

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Surveys

A structured process for gathering data from a group, often involving a series of questions. Used to understand overall trends and opinions, and to provide a starting point for deeper exploration.

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Programming approach

A planned series of steps designed to address a specific goal. It involves defining the problem, gathering information, developing solutions, and implementing them.

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Semi-structured interviews

Open-ended interviews conducted in a semi-structured manner, allowing for in-depth exploration of specific topics. Provides rich qualitative data and allows for probing deeper into the participant's perspectives.

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Mapping out marker moments

A process of reviewing past events, activities, and decisions to identify key moments or turning points. Provides insights into how an organisation has developed and what factors have influenced its current state.

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Analysis

The systematic process of collecting and analysing data to understand and interpret information. It aims to be objective, rigorous, and relevant to the research question.

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Probing questions

Open-ended questions that probe deeper into the participant's thoughts and experiences. Used to encourage reflection and uncover nuances in understanding.

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Using multiple methods

Combining different methods to gather data, such as surveys, interviews, and observations. Provides a comprehensive understanding by leveraging different perspectives.

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Adjustments

The process of adjusting and modifying existing strategies or processes based on new information and insights gained through analysis and evaluation.

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Organizational Assessment Tools

Organizational assessment tools are valuable instruments for analyzing an organization's strengths and weaknesses, offering insights into areas like governance, leadership, mission, vision, staffing, structures, systems, and funding.

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Organizational Models

Several models exist for analyzing and understanding organizations, ranging from popular frameworks like McKinsey's 7-S Model to more specialized approaches.

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Onion Model

The Onion Model, a popular framework, visualizes an organization as a layered structure, with each layer representing different aspects of the organization.

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Physical and Financial Resources

The outermost layer of the Onion Model represents the organization's tangible resources, including physical assets and financial capital.

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Human Capital

The second layer of the Onion Model focuses on human capital, encompassing the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of the organization's workforce.

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Systems and Structures

The third layer of the Onion Model encompasses systems and structures that enable the organization's operations, including processes, policies, and organizational frameworks.

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Tools used in Isolation

Organizational assessment tools are most effective when used in conjunction with other approaches and insights, rather than relying solely on their numerical output.

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Limitations of Assessment Tools

Organizational assessment tools do not fully capture the dynamic and evolving nature of organizations, potentially overlooking the impact of external factors and internal change.

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Prioritization

Identifying the most crucial aspects or issues that require immediate attention.

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Generative approach

A method of analysis that focuses on identifying successful practices and envisioning future improvements.

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Deep understanding

Understanding an organization's unique context and internal dynamics to effectively support it.

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External influences

External factors like cultural context and relationships that influence an organization's functioning.

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Influential power dynamics

Understanding the connections and power dynamics within an organization.

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Working processes

Processes within an organization that are working well and contribute to its success.

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Dream (process)

Envisioning how processes could work even better in the future for improved performance.

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Design (process)

Planning and designing workable processes to bring about the envisioned future.

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Listening to the head

Gathering information from people through conversations to understand their thoughts, facts, concepts, arguments, ideas, and the principles behind them.

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Listening to the heart

Observing and understanding people's emotions, feelings, moods, experiences, and the underlying values driving them.

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Listening to the feet

The process of obtaining insights from people's intentions, energy, direction, motivation, and will regarding a particular issue.

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Interviews

A method of gathering data through structured conversations with individuals, such as staff, leaders, board members, donors, beneficiaries, or stakeholders.

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Effective questions

Questions that encourage thoughtful responses without being aggressive or accusatory.

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Long pauses

Using pauses in conversation to allow individuals to think and share further insights.

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Strength of feelings

The level of impact on a person based on the strength of their feelings or how strongly they deny them.

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Nonverbal cues

Observing nonverbal cues like voice tone, facial expressions, and gestures to understand emotions and feelings.

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Study Notes

Understanding the Client System

  • Understanding the client system is crucial for effective consultancy. It's like detective work, involving identifying the Civil Society Organisation (CSO) within its contextual influences.
  • The process of change involves several stages, including understanding the client system, engaging the client, planning implementation, and accompanying implementation.
  • Effective understanding requires analysing the wider system where the CSO operates. This includes relationships and the local culture.
  • It's vital to investigate the organizational culture ("the way things are done"). Visible factors may not accurately represent the real situation.
  • Seek information from diverse sources and employ various methods (e.g., observation, interviews, document review).
  • Utilizing simple frameworks to interpret the complexities of the situation is beneficial.
  • Active encouragement of collaborative self-diagnosis by the CSO is essential, potentially by withholding initial analysis to promote internal ownership and priority setting.

Appreciating the Wider Context

  • Organizations exist within a larger context. Understanding this broader picture is essential for understanding a CSO.
  • General Systems Theory highlights the interconnectedness of elements within a system, where cause and effect are intertwined and inseparable. An isolated view is insufficient.
  • External factors like community events, national politics, and international relations affect CSOs.
  • Local environment, values, and norms directly influence an organization's characteristics.
  • Organizational contexts and behaviours are shaped by the environments in which they operate.

Looking Below the Waterline

  • Much of organizational activity occurs "below the surface." Visible aspects like websites, documents, and mission statements offer only a limited understanding.
  • Organizational culture is a significant factor. It represents deeply ingrained assumptions about proper behaviour. It's about the "way things are done."
  • Reading the culture involves understanding informal, influential aspects such as relationships, political maneuvering, individual personalities, and decision-making processes.
  • Consultants need to ascertain the deeper motivations, behaviors, and politics below the surface to understand the organization fully.

Data Gathering Methods

  • The chosen data gathering methods depend on the specific project; however, multiple methods are frequently used.
  • Multiple methods, including documents, observation, interviews, focus groups, and participatory assessments, are often used to ensure accuracy and completeness in gathering information.
  • Evaluating financial statements and other internal documents yields a richer understanding of an organization's internal dynamics.
  • Tracing funding sources reveals the influence of donors and other external pressures; this information aids in understanding why an organisation behaves the way it does.

Participatory Exercises

  • Employing participatory exercises with staff is beneficial, encouraging ownership, and enhancing understanding of the organisation's history and pivotal events.
  • Creating timelines of key events, visualizing organizational history as a river, or having participants draw the organisation can offer alternative and intuitive perspectives.

Organisational Assessment Tools

  • Assessment tools are helpful for identifying strengths and weaknesses within an organisation, but are best utilized judiciously alongside other methods, and not on their own.
  • Using assessment tools in isolation can result in a superficial or inaccurate understanding, especially when the tool itself becomes the primary focus.

Sense Making

  • Using frameworks and models assists with interpreting the data gathered.
  • Finding useful models, such as the McKinsey 7-S Model or an "onion" model, is beneficial for organizing and interpreting the data.
  • The onion model depicts an organization as various interconnected layers, from physical and financial resources to leadership, culture, and identity, highlighting the importance of interconnectedness. Organizational strength lies in the coherence of these layers.

Analysing with the Client

  • Employing a "dialogic" approach, rather than a "diagnostic" one, fosters ownership, energy, and collaborative analysis.
  • Encouraging self-diagnosis by the client is often more effective for creating genuine change, rather than imposing solutions.
  • Good analysis rarely directly motivates people. It's crucial to ensure that analysis leads to a shared sense of need for change.
  • The appreciative inquiry method emphasizes identifying strengths rather than solely examining problems.
  • Encouraging staff to express their best experiences builds positive momentum.
  • Using creative methods like collaborative artwork or scenarios further deepens understanding and generates ownership.
  • Prioritization is key to successful implementation; focusing on the "stinging bees" is more productive than an unprioritized list of recommendations.

Consultant Checklist of Questions

  • Key questions to guide consultant investigations about the organization's external influences, internal dynamics, and strategies for change.

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