Understanding Systems and Their Components

What is a System?

• Systems consist of components working together for a common purpose.
• School systems, body systems, mechanical systems, political systems, and health care systems are all examples.
• Systems are designed to serve a purpose, that people constantly work to improve.

Examples of Systems

• School systems have components like students, teachers, educational assistants, administrators and schools.
• Each component in a school system has a job that fulfills the overall purpose of the system.
• Such systems help students develop to navigate life and contribute to society.
• These systems are continuously changing to serve their purpose better
• Financial literacy inclusion in Ontario math programs prepares students for life outside school.
• Mechanical systems contain physical components organized for a purpose.
• Heating/cooling systems, vehicles, computer systems, and bicycles are examples of mechanical systems.
• Heating and cooling systems heat when it's cold and cool when it's hot, for comfort.
• Heating/cooling system components: furnace, air conditioner, thermostat, ductwork, condensing unit.
• Body systems include organs and tissues working to serve a purpose.
• The circulatory system consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and blood.
• This system's purpose is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells.
• More body systems: skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, nervous, and digestive.
• Body systems often work together; for example, the circulatory and respiratory systems exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Systems - Purpose, Inputs, Outputs

• All systems have a purpose, inputs, and outputs
• Parts of a system serve a purpose, work together to achieve certain goals, and provide certain outputs.
• The purpose of a system defines what it does.
• A computer system allows users to access the Internet and type documents, which is its purpose.
• Inputs are anything put into a system to enable it to function or reach its goal.
• The digestive system requires food and the vehicle requires gas or electricity.
• Computer systems require input from the keyboard and mouse.
• Healthcare systems require doctors, nurses, and their salaries.
• Outputs are system results or what comes out of a system.
• The digestive system outputs nutrients for body energy, while also removing waste.
• A vehicle takes in gas, money, and materials, and produces emissions, noise, and travel distance.
• Healthcare inputs are the doctors and nurses, while the outputs are the number of patients served, operations performed, and recorded mortality rates.

Components of a Computer System

• Components are the parts of a system.
• Computer system components: processor, hard drive, RAM, power supply, video card, monitor, keyboard, and the mouse.
• The computer components work together so the user gets the function he or she needs.
• The processor is the "brain" that processes, completes inputs and outputs when you type of move the mouse.
• The hard drive stores the operating system and files.
• RAM provides short-term data storage and access for fast program operation.
• The power supply provides electricity.
• The video card generates video signal sent to the monitor.
• The monitor displays output.
• The keyboard enables the user to enter characters and functions.
• The mouse allows the user to point and select.

Efficient Systems

• Inefficient systems occur if any component fails.
• A computer with small RAM lags regardless of processor speed.
• Computers with slow processors will not function efficiently even with extra RAM.

Physics - Science, Terms, Energy, Work, Forces, Displacement and Efficiency

• Physics explains how things move and its principles explain movement.
• Energy is the ability to do work, which cannot be created or destroyed, but is converted from one form to another.
• All forms of energy are associated with motion.
• Potential energy is the potential to keep sliding because of its position at the top of the hill.
• Kinetic energy exists when an object begins sliding downhill.
• Friction means the kinetic energy has now converted to thermal energy and the box will now be hot on the bottom.
• Work happens when an object moves due to a transfer in energy.
• For example, when you hold a ball over your head and drop it.
• Potential energy to kinetic energy causes movement.
• Forces are pushes or pulls causing objects to move.
• In the example of the ball, gravity pulls the ball to earth.
• The box on the hill requires someone using force (applied force) to move it to the top using their muscular chemical energy.
• Displacement is change in the position of an object.
• Forces cause displacement by acting on the object in the direction of the displacement as when kicking a soccer ball.
• Chemical energy is converted to kinetic in this example.
• Efficiency is how much energy or force is needed to do work.
• Simple machines reduce the amount of energy or force required for an action, which makes work more efficient.

Types of Energy

• Many energy forms exist in the world.
• Chemical energy is stored in matter, and matter has mass and takes up space.
• Examples: food, batteries, gasoline; chemical energy can produce thermal energy.
• Burning wood releases chemical energy stored in the wood, converting it to thermal energy and heat.
• Electrical energy powers machines as outlets provide power.
• This electrical energy is comes most often from fuels hydro dams or solar power.
• Thermal energy is often released when electrical energy is used, like the heat from TVs or cellphones.
• Thermal energy involves heat transfer between objects, and winds create the movement of heat from warmer to cooler areas.
• The sun's thermal energy make these winds.
• Mechanical energy relates to an object's motion or position like wind turbines move or will move as the wind acts on them.
• Nuclear energy is produced from splitting atoms using nuclear fission in a reactor and creating energy.
• The smallest unit of matter: atoms. All solids, liquids, and gases are made of atoms.
• Converting potential energy inside atoms to heat water and generate steam to turn a turbine which creates electricity.

Einstein and Transforming Energy

• Albert Einstein created the law of energy in 1907.
• The law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.
• Energy exists as potential or kinetic, but energy can change forms.
• Burning gas in a car transfers chemical energy into heat via the exhaust pipe.
• Shivering when cold burns chemical energy in food, releasing heat.
• Energy moves from object to object like a row of dominos, where you transfer it from arm to finger to domino.
• The dominoes' upright position gives them potential energy, then the dominoes transfer mechanical (kinetic) energy in a chain reaction.
• Waves are energy traveling through space or matter.
• Light, heat, and sound travel in waves through space without needing a medium.
• Water needs matter for energy transfer. Ocean waves move up and down but the energy travels forward.
• Sound moves in waves back and forth and is mechanical energy that moves something to make sound.
• When strumming a guitar string: -Sound waves move through the air. -Parts of your ear decipher the sound .
  • Then your brain understands the sound waves.

Forces - Contact and Non-Contact and Magnetism

• Forces are pushes or pulls causing an object to move.
• Forces include non-contact forces, and contact forces.
• Non-contact forces act without touching something.
• Non-contact forces: gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic.
• Gravity attracts matter towards the Earth which would otherwise cause us to fall off the Earth.
• It is why thrown balls come back down.
• If you throw a ball into the air that push is less than that of gravity.
• Weight measures on gravity is pulling us down.
• Weight is variable based on the strength of gravitational pull.
• Electrostatic forces attract or repel two electrically charged objects.
• Electrical charges moving to another object causes static electricity.
• An example is negative charges moving from hair to a balloon that can then stick on the wall.
• Magnetism is magnetism, and invisible force pushes and pulls certain objects.
• Magnets have north and south poles, allowing attraction when opposite poles are together.
• Similar poles repel each other.
• Magnetism pushes and pulls magnetic material including metals like iron, nickel, and cobalt.

Contact Forces

A contact force requires contact between objects.

• Contact with a soccer ball is an example of this kind of force.
• Types of contact forces: frictional force, tension force, normal force, air resistance force or drag force, applied force, spring force.
• Frictional force is the force between objects moving across surfaces. Friction opposes the movement of an object sliding across another object.
• Friction allows walking without slipping as it is why rubber soles are most often on the bottom of shoes.
• Tension force is the force transmitted through a string, rope, or wire pulled tight by forces on opposite sides.
• Tension is directed along the wire and pulls equally on the objects at the wire's ends.
• Suspension bridges use wires to create tension forces to support large forces.
• Normal force happens when a surface pushes upwards, such as a table holding a water bottle against gravitational force.
• Air resistance is caused by air against an object moving into it.
• Air resistance affects large trucks much more than streamlined sports cars.
• Applied force results from the interaction of two objects, such as lifting a box or rotating a doorknob or forces we usually use to move objects.
• Springs under compression or stretched against any object have spring force and potential energy. Examples: pogo stick, keys on keyboard.

Displacement vs Distance Described

• Displacement and distance differ within physics.
• Scalar quantity means describing the quantity fully with a numerical value or magnitude.
• For example, a 5 km run is a scalar quantity or distance and doesn't depend on anything else.
• Vector requires magnitude and direction to fully describe it
• Displacement gives how far out of place an object is or its overall change in position.
• A 5 km run is the distance you traveled, however the displacement is probably going to be different.
• Example situations: running 5 km in a circle, running 5 km to your friends house all are 5 kh runs, however the displacement is variable.

Displacement Examples

• Track athlete running 10 laps of a 400 m track has a 4 km distance with 0 displacement..
• Sydney running four blocks north and three blocks east means a scalar quantity of seven blocks.
• Displacement is 5 blocks found through Pythagorean.
• Emma driving 10 km north to pick up her friend, backing to her house, then 5 km south has traveled 25 km, but displacement of -5 km.
• Coordinates start at her house (0,0) and reference chosen to situate friends +10 km away to switch to the firends house set at -10km.

Magnitude - Newtons Described

• Newtons (N) measure the magnitude of force.
• Each newton (N) is enough to lightly stretch an elastic band.
• 10 allows could lift 1L of pop, while 500 N or 50 kg or 110 lbs can lift a smartphone.
• For every 1kg lifted, 9.8 N is needed; rounding approximately to 10 N of force when lifting.
• Sliding an object requires extra force from friction.
• Spring scales measure the newtons are need to lift something has a hook connects and has a display or scale indicating the magnitude of force.
• The force needed to lift some things range vastly, 1 N for lifting a cellphone, 50 to break an egg, 720 avg human bite, +9k the bite of an alligator, 100k or 100kn for a seatbelt in a car crashing at 100kmh, and finally 890k or 890kN for the pulling force of a large truck.

Work - Calculation and Word Problems

• Newtons are the measure to standardize our forces; work is the use of doing this.
• To have work requires force and movement.
• To have work is calculated through Newtons of force multiplies by the distance of the object in meters.
• The term to measure work is a Joule (J).
• Each joule measures how much force of 1N to an object with the distance of 1m.
• Work can be seen when for instance Jeff pushed 100N of force x 100m=10k J. Calculations include looking at the force applied and distance the object traveled, with the answer being in J or Joules.

Calculating Work

• When two parts of the equation for work are understood the other parts can be added too.
• A work equation can be:
  • Work = Force x distance
  • 2000 = force x 200
  • Therefore, force = 10 N.
• The force, distance, and work can all be calculated when two parts are known and calculating this is similar to the baseball example, while the other questions will look at backhoe, or Evan picking up weights.

Simple Machines

• The main mechanical devices that enable to apply more forces.
• Providing a better mechanical advantage which lets someone use less force.
• Six most common type of these are: levers, wheels and axles, pulleys, wedges, screws, and inclined planes.
• Applying more forces can combine simple machines to makes compounds in cars, bikes, can openers, and staplers.
• Can measure an advantage through the formula:
  • MA= force needed (without machine)/ force needed (with machine).
• Such formulas can tell you the most of how the machinery works. These formulas to show this like this example:
  • MA= 300/150=2.
• The MA is made the work two times easier, however the load had nothing to do with it, when inputted a smaller force it outputted nearly double.
• Not every MA is two a poor design can be the opposite.

Pulley System

• Using pulleys makes loads easier to move.
• Adding pulleys changes the amount of force to apply, but changes the distance people need to pull.
• When you add pulleys, the the amount of force required from you is lower, hoewever increases with more pulleys.

Dissipating Energy

Dissipation describes ways energy is wasted.

• Sometimes the machines or systems lose the energy and can not be used for the intended use.
• The friction creates the loss of friction caused by things like pushing a box and will require less force.
• The loss is seen with poor contact, while with lower contact is less, even from oil making it less thermal in friction,

Frictional Dissipation

• dropping a skateboard and its original energy, it does not reach as high from the side it started on from friction created.
• The lack of energy causes the lower lever, and not as far on it.

Innovation and Tech Examples

• Innovation is creation of new technology and how such adapt to industries
• Used to improve production and improve profit margins
• Robotics in machines is older, robots create vehicles and are safer- used in vehicles dating back to 1961
• No longer human, rather are robotic to take things in mass or apply paint from far.
• Robots are safer since chemicals can hurt people.
• Automation from industries refer to robotics of handling to increase efficiency, speed, productivity, and quality.
• Automatic manufacturing cuts down on the human errors made when humans make tasks.
• AI provides productivity from manufacturing due to quality control and to catch more flaws that people most likely won't.
• Ability to predict when machine will break.
• Can see how AI can maintain and when is needed is ensuring more productivity and cuts down on the fails.
• Additive with companies to use 3d to mass produces product faster
• When computer creates an object in printing that's called 3D. The layer makes plastic with shape, size, and color.
• 3D printers offer flexible designs, reduce cost, offer faster designs, and printing when.

Automation - Impacts and Viewpoints

• Society: improved the quality of life for people by making affordable mass produced goods and technologies.
• Machines also complete unsafe work due to dangerous chemicals that can be more unsafe than automation.
• Finally, now automation does many tasks in a lower hour work week than 70 hours in now a 40 standard in some places.
• Less hours of doing job in shorter amount of time.
• Less jobs come from automation of humans.
• The economy of production make services more lower, and jobs can be low to new creative people. Now industries needed special software to maintain and equip it.
• Governments also can get back money though this and get the benefit of those road improvements. Can help high skilled to paid more where cheap work would be used.
• Environmental due to waste making facilities automated. This and efficiently can minimize waste.
• Over all the the waste is from the mass production of goods creating more landfills.

Self-Driving Vehicles

• An autonomous self-driving can sense environment without any human involvement, or the human passenger needs to any control of the process.
• Work to build map on environment to dive and uses those sensor to look more nearby vehicles.
• Also radars and GPS assist for speed and road to follow destination. Cameras see lights and animals.
• Impacts self safe since lower car accidents, or human error since it causes 94% that. Reduce or eliminate driving accidents with AI.
• People with driving can have access to disability and driving safer through this option.
• People getting more things done is a more productive use.
• Self driving helps with braking on the road also.
• Fewer traffic jams mean helps to lower green house effects since it removes it.