Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two major types of neurotransmission?
What are the two major types of neurotransmission?
- Ionotropic and metabotropic
- Chemical and electrical (correct)
- Excitatory and inhibitory
- Long-term and short-term
Which are the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?
Which are the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?
- Glutamate and GABA (correct)
- Endorphins and anandamide
- Dopamine and serotonin
- Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What is the role of membrane potential in inhibitory neurotransmission?
What is the role of membrane potential in inhibitory neurotransmission?
- It increases excitability
- It has no effect on excitability
- It regulates neurotransmitter production
- It decreases excitability (correct)
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
What is the structure facilitating transmission of electrical or chemical signals between neurons or neuron-muscle/gland interfaces?
What is the structure facilitating transmission of electrical or chemical signals between neurons or neuron-muscle/gland interfaces?
Which type of synapse transmits signals via neurotransmitters binding to receptors, altering ion channels, causing membrane potential changes in the postsynaptic cell?
Which type of synapse transmits signals via neurotransmitters binding to receptors, altering ion channels, causing membrane potential changes in the postsynaptic cell?
What process involves neurotransmitter release and receptor activation?
What process involves neurotransmitter release and receptor activation?
What mechanism leads to the release of neurotransmitter from vesicles and diffusion into the synaptic cleft?
What mechanism leads to the release of neurotransmitter from vesicles and diffusion into the synaptic cleft?
Which type of receptors involve direct binding of neurotransmitter to ion channels, producing brief postsynaptic potential?
Which type of receptors involve direct binding of neurotransmitter to ion channels, producing brief postsynaptic potential?
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do to the postsynaptic membrane?
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do to the postsynaptic membrane?
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do to the postsynaptic membrane?
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do to the postsynaptic membrane?
Which type of synapse makes the neuron more likely to fire?
Which type of synapse makes the neuron more likely to fire?
What is the process by which neurotransmitters can be reabsorbed for reuse or inactivated by enzymes?
What is the process by which neurotransmitters can be reabsorbed for reuse or inactivated by enzymes?
Which ion movement leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane?
Which ion movement leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily excitatory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily excitatory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the flight or fight response in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the flight or fight response in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which environmental change increases neuronal excitability?
Which environmental change increases neuronal excitability?
What can lead to unconsciousness by interrupting brain blood flow for 3 to 7 seconds?
What can lead to unconsciousness by interrupting brain blood flow for 3 to 7 seconds?
What neurotransmitter is important for controlling integrative functions of the nervous system such as thinking and judgment?
What neurotransmitter is important for controlling integrative functions of the nervous system such as thinking and judgment?
What neurotransmitter is associated with mood and behavior, particularly depression?
What neurotransmitter is associated with mood and behavior, particularly depression?
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Study Notes
- Synapse: structure facilitating transmission of electrical or chemical signals between neurons or neuron-muscle/gland interfaces
- Chemical synapses: transmit signals via neurotransmitters binding to receptors, altering ion channels, causing membrane potential changes in the postsynaptic cell
- Muscle, gland, neuroglandular neurons can be target cells in chemical synapses
- Synaptic transmission: process of neurotransmitter release and receptor activation
- Neuron communicates with target via neurotransmitters, released in response to excitation in presynaptic neuron
- Neurotransmitter release mechanism: influx of calcium ions leads to release of neurotransmitter from vesicles and diffusion into synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters can be reabsorbed for reuse or inactivated by enzymes
- Neurotransmitters can diffuse out of synaptic cleft into bloodstream
- Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors: types of postsynaptic receptors, differing in response mechanisms
- Fast response (ionotropic receptors): direct binding of neurotransmitter to ion channels, producing brief postsynaptic potential
- Slow response (metabotropic receptors): activation of G proteins, causing longer-lasting biochemical changes and more complex responses
- Excitatory neurotransmitters: depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, raising the probability of an action potential, forming excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- Inhibitory neurotransmitters: hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, lowering the likelihood of an action potential, forming inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- Neurotransmission at excitatory and inhibitory synapses: excitatory synapses depolarize, making the neuron more likely to fire; inhibitory synapses hyperpolarize, making the neuron less likely to fire.
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