Understanding Stress and Its Phases

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the cumulative wear and tear on the body due to repeated exposure to stressors?

Allostatic Load (correct)

General Adaptation Syndrome

Fight-or-Flight Response

Psychoneuroimmunology

Which stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by the body's immediate reaction to a threat?

Exhaustion Stage

Recovery Stage

Alarm Stage (correct)

Resistance Stage

Which type of stress is considered positive and can enhance performance?

Eustress (correct)

Neustress

Distress

Chronic Stress

What is the primary difference in stress response behaviors between men and women?

Men tend to seek social support while women engage in problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolonged stress have on health?

Increased risk of chronic illnesses Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens when stress levels are too high?

Performance decreases due to overload. Signup and view all the answers

What should diaphragmatic breathing be performed to achieve?

Reduce acute stress and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is Nomophobia commonly associated with?

Addiction to technology and mobile devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of sleep for adolescents aged 14-17 years?

8+ hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following STDs must be reported to health authorities?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the highest HIV infection rates in the U.S.?

Men who have sex with men (MSM) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the primary stage of syphilis?

Painless sores (chancres) Signup and view all the answers

Which types of STDs are considered curable?

Syphilis and trichomoniasis Signup and view all the answers

How long can breastfeeding act as a form of birth control postpartum?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by drug use?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What type of eating disorder involves cycles of binge eating followed by purging?

Bulimia Nervosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following birth control methods is considered permanent?

Tubal ligation Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo, and where is it commonly seen?

Fine hair from severe weight loss, seen in anorexia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a fomite?

An object that transmits infections Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is at a higher risk of substance use?

Sensation-seeking and impulsive Signup and view all the answers

What cardiovascular consequences can result from eating disorders?

Bradycardia and arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are protective factors against substance use?

Strong family support and positive coping skills Signup and view all the answers

What defines drug misuse?

Using prescribed drugs incorrectly Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stress

Stressor Definition: A perceived threat (real or imagined) to mental, physical, or emotional well-being, triggering the stress response.
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Describes the body's stress response in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Fight-or-Flight Response (Cannon): The body's automatic response to perceived threat, preparing for confrontation or escape.
Allostatic Load: The cumulative wear and tear on the body from repeated exposure to stressors.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): Explores the interaction between psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system's effect on health and stress response.
Alarm Stage (GAS): Immediate reaction to threat, activating the sympathetic nervous system and stress hormones.
Resistance Stage (GAS): Body uses resources to cope with the stressor and maintain alertness.
Exhaustion Stage (GAS): Prolonged stress depletes resources, leading to fatigue, illness, and burnout.

Types of Stress

Eustress: Positive stress that motivates and enhances performance.
Distress: Negative stress that impairs function and health.
Neustress: Neutral stress with no immediate impact on an individual.
Acute Stress: Short-term stress from specific events.
Chronic Stress: Long-term stress from persistent challenges.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Moderate stress improves performance, excessive stress impairs it.

Impact of Stress on Illness

Prolonged stress increases risk of chronic illnesses (cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, gastrointestinal issues, anxiety, depression).

Nomophobia

Fear of being without a mobile phone, linked to technology addiction and social media.

Gender Differences in Stress Response

Men: More likely to use problem-solving or avoidance behaviors.
Women: Tend to use "tend-and-befriend" approaches (social support, nurturing), potentially mitigated by higher oxytocin levels.

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Reduces acute stress and anxiety, lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and related symptoms.

Sleep for Adolescents and Young Adults

Adolescents (14-17): 8+ hours per night.
Young Adults (18-25): 7-9 hours per night.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Reportable STDs: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV (reported for monitoring and prevention).
HIV Distribution (U.S.): Highest rates in the South, especially in urban areas and marginalized groups (e.g., MSM, people who inject drugs).
Fomite (STD): An object/material transmitting infection (e.g., contaminated sex toy).
Curable STDs: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis (bacterial/parasitic, treated with antibiotics).
Incurable STDs: HIV, herpes, hepatitis B, HPV (managed but not cured).
Vertical Transmission: Infection transfer from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding (e.g., gonorrhea, HIV).
Syphilis Stages:
Primary: Painless sores (chancres) at infection site.
Secondary: Skin rashes, swollen lymph nodes, flu-like symptoms.
Latent: No symptoms, infection in body.
Tertiary: Severe complications (brain, heart, other organs).
HPV Types: Over 200 types; some cause genital warts, others raise cancer risk.
Common STD Symptoms: Abnormal discharge, painful urination, genital sores/blisters, itching, pain during intercourse, swollen lymph nodes.
STD with Blisters: Genital herpes (HSV).

Birth Control

Effective Methods: Implants, IUDs, sterilization, hormonal pills/patches.
Types of Birth Control:
Low-Maintenance: IUDs, implants (3-12 yrs).
Scheduled: Pills, Depo-Provera shot, vaginal rings.
Use-Every-Time: Condoms, diaphragms, sponges.
Permanent: Tubal ligation, vasectomy.
Condom Differences:
Male: Worn on penis, latex, polyurethane, or lambskin (lambskin doesn't protect against STIs).
Internal: Inserted in vagina or anus, protects against STIs and pregnancy.
Breastfeeding as Birth Control: Lactational amenorrhea (exclusive breastfeeding) can prevent ovulation for up to six months postpartum.

Addiction

Drug Misuse: Improper use of prescribed/over-the-counter drugs.
Drug Abuse: Use for non-medical purposes, often leading to addiction.
Substance Use Disorder: Compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences.
Drug Effects on Neurotransmitters: Mimic, stimulate excess release, or block reuptake of neurotransmitters, disrupting brain communication.
Reward Circuit: Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala; reinforces pleasurable behaviors.
Affected Neurotransmitter: Dopamine, causing changes in neural connections that reinforce addictive behavior.
Protective & Risk Factors:
Protective: Strong family support, academic success, positive coping skills.
Risk: Early drug use, genetic predisposition, mental disorders, poverty.
Factors Affecting Drug Use:
Individual: Age of first use, genetics, mental health, biological sex.
Family: Family history of substance use, parental attitudes.
Community: Peer influence, school environment, neighborhood crime.
Structural: Socioeconomic status, cultural norms, access to healthcare.
Personality Types at Risk: Sensation-seeking, impulsive, risk-taking personalities.

Eating Disorders

Types of Eating Disorders:
Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme food restriction, fear of weight gain, distorted body image.
Bulimia Nervosa: Cycles of binge eating, compensatory behaviors (vomiting, excessive exercise).
Binge Eating Disorder (BED): Recurrent binging without purging.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Avoidance of specific foods due to sensory issues, fear of choking, or digestive problems.
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED): Disorders not meeting other diagnoses but causing distress.
Cardiovascular Consequences: Bradycardia, arrhythmias, heart failure (malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances).
Lanugo: Fine, soft hair growing on body due to severe weight loss (heat conservation).
Factors Affecting Eating Disorders:
Biological: Family history, genetics, metabolic conditions (e.g., type 1 diabetes).
Psychological: Perfectionism, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, anxiety/depression.
Societal: Weight stigma, bullying, unrealistic beauty standards, media influence.
Impact: Affects people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, sexual orientations, and body sizes. Estimated 9% U.S. population experiences an eating disorder.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to stress, including definitions, responses, and the body's phases in handling stressors. Topics such as Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and Psychoneuroimmunology will be explored to enhance your understanding of how stress affects health. Test your knowledge on stress responses and mechanisms.