Understanding Steatosis and NAFLD

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of steatosis cases are attributed to insulin resistance and obesity?

75%

95%

85% (correct)

55%

Which dietary components are primarily responsible for liver fat accumulation?

Saturated fats and refined carbohydrates (correct)

High fiber and antioxidants

High protein and low fat

Unsaturated fats and whole grains

What role does physical inactivity play in the development of NAFLD?

It significantly contributes to obesity and insulin resistance. (correct)

It decreases visceral fat.

It has no impact.

It enhances lipid metabolism.

What is the primary mechanism by which high fructose intake affects liver fat accumulation?

Promotes de novo lipogenesis and reduces fat export Signup and view all the answers

What systemic issue does steatosis primarily promote?

Metabolic dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

How can steatosis and NASH be positively impacted?

Through lifestyle changes Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle factor does NOT contribute to fat accumulation in the liver?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What health risks are associated with steatosis due to metabolic dysfunction?

Higher cardiovascular risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the intima in response to chronic inflammation?

Formation of a fibrous cap over the plaque Signup and view all the answers

What phenotypic change do smooth muscle cells undergo due to inflammatory signals?

From a contractile to a synthetic phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes are produced in response to inflammation that degrade the fibrous cap during atherosclerosis?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells lead to within the arteries?

Reduction of blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory cytokines stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?

IL-1 and TNF-α Signup and view all the answers

What result occurs when the arterial lumen narrows beyond 50% due to atherosclerosis?

Insufficient blood flow, especially during stress Signup and view all the answers

How do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) further influence vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)?

Influencing their proliferation and migration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in atherosclerosis?

They provide structural integrity to the fibrous cap. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way early stages of NAFLD, such as Steatosis and Early NASH, can be reversed?

Lifestyle changes Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are involved in the progression of liver damage in NASH?

CD8+ T cells and natural killer T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for diagnosing and assessing liver diseases such as NAFLD?

Liver biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily associated with asymptomatic fatty liver?

Steatosis Signup and view all the answers

What major limitation does liver biopsy have as a diagnostic tool?

Risk of sampling error Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions has been shown to slow down damage progression in advanced stages of NAFLD?

Medications and lifestyle changes Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical symptom of steatosis?

There are generally no symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle modification is effective for reversing early stages of NAFLD?

Regular physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if insulin is secreted but does not function properly?

Glucose remains in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sodium-glucose transporters (SGLTs) in the body?

Preventing glucose loss in urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes glycosuria?

Presence of glucose in the urine Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by fat breakdown and ketone production due to insulin deficiency?

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in the body when there is excessive glucose in the bloodstream?

Hyperglycemia leading to fat breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What does polyuria result from in diabetes mellitus?

Osmotic effect of glucose in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common acute complication of diabetes requiring immediate correction of blood glucose levels?

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary consequences of diabetic nephropathy?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly characterizes the term 'diabetes mellitus'?

Indicates the presence of excessive urination and sweet urine Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) account for?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What long-term effect does chronic hyperglycemia have on the kidneys?

Compromised ability of glomeruli to filter blood Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a result of high blood sugar levels damaging retinal blood vessels?

Diabetic retinopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of the body being in a catabolic state due to insulin resistance?

Breakdown of fat and muscle proteins for energy Signup and view all the answers

What leads to excessive thirst (polydipsia) in diabetic conditions?

Loss of fluid due to increased urination Signup and view all the answers

What role does potassium play in the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

It helps to reverse acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What does proteinuria indicate in the context of diabetic nephropathy?

Compromised kidney function Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sodium reabsorption have on blood volume?

Increases blood volume by allowing water to follow through osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in relation to aldosterone?

Cortisol can bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor but is kept in check Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of renin in the kidneys?

Decreased sodium chloride transport in the thick ascending limb Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect renin secretion?

Promotes renin release via β1-adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of high blood pressure cases does primary hypertension account for?

80–95% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of angiotensin II in the context of blood pressure regulation?

It has vasoconstrictor properties that raise blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates renal function in response to changes in sodium chloride levels?

Macula densa cells Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a drop in pressure within the renal afferent arteriole have?

Stimulates renin release to help increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Communicable Diseases

Illnesses caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites)
Spread through contact, contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or air
Examples: influenza, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, COVID-19

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Illnesses not caused by infectious agents
Develop over time due to genetic, lifestyle, or environmental factors
Examples: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases (like asthma)

Atherosclerosis

Chronic vascular disease affecting blood vessels
Caused by plaque buildup (fatty deposits called atheromas) in the inner layer of arteries
Plaque buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow
Blood clots can form on the plaque, potentially leading to heart attacks or strokes
Plaque formation is often triggered by factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, or an unhealthy diet
Narrowing of arteries occurs as plaque accumulates
Hardening of arteries occurs due to atherosclerosis, making blood flow harder

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Description

This quiz explores key factors contributing to steatosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). It covers the impacts of insulin resistance, dietary components, and lifestyle factors on liver health and fat accumulation. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and systemic issues related to steatosis.