Understanding Steatosis and NAFLD

<p>Promotes de novo lipogenesis and reduces fat export (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through lifestyle changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher cardiovascular risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of a fibrous cap over the plaque (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From a contractile to a synthetic phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-1 and TNF-α (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient blood flow, especially during stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influencing their proliferation and migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide structural integrity to the fibrous cap. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD8+ T cells and natural killer T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver biopsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steatosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of sampling error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications and lifestyle changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are generally no symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose remains in the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing glucose loss in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of glucose in the urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia leading to fat breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic effect of glucose in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indicates the presence of excessive urination and sweet urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised ability of glomeruli to filter blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown of fat and muscle proteins for energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of fluid due to increased urination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to reverse acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised kidney function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood volume by allowing water to follow through osmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol can bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor but is kept in check (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased sodium chloride transport in the thick ascending limb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes renin release via β1-adrenergic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80–95% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has vasoconstrictor properties that raise blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macula densa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates renin release to help increase blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process where smooth muscle cells (SMCs) move from the middle layer (media) to the inner layer (intima) of an artery, contributing to plaque formation.

A change in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from a contractile, relaxed state to a synthetic, active state, allowing them to produce proteins that contribute to plaque formation.

A protective layer made of collagen and other proteins that forms over a developing atherosclerotic plaque.

Enzymes that play a crucial role in breaking down the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, weakening the fibrous cap and destabilizing the plaque.

A condition where blood flow is insufficient, which can damage tissues and lead to complications like heart problems.

The process by which an atherosclerotic plaque becomes unstable and more likely to rupture, due to weakening of the fibrous cap.

The narrowest part of a blood vessel, which can be narrowed by the buildup of plaque.

The specific proteins that form the fibrous cap, such as collagen and elastin.

A protein that helps glucose enter cells, lowering blood sugar levels.

A condition where the body cannot effectively use insulin to lower blood sugar levels, resulting in high blood sugar.

High blood sugar levels, often a symptom of diabetes.

Glucose in the urine, a sign of high blood sugar.

Increased urination, often due to high blood sugar.

Excessive thirst, often related to increased urination and dehydration.

Excessive hunger, often seen in diabetes due to cell's inability to use glucose.

The breakdown of stored fat for energy, often triggered by a lack of glucose in cells.

A condition where excess fat accumulates in the liver, primarily caused by insulin resistance and obesity.

Diets high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates promote fat accumulation in the liver.

High intake of fructose stimulates fat synthesis in the liver and hinders fat export, leading to increased liver fat.

Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired lipid metabolism, increasing the risk of Steatosis.

The progression from simple fat accumulation to NASH involves inflammation, cell damage, and fibrosis.

Steatosis impacts multiple body systems due to interconnected metabolic and inflammatory imbalances.

Steatosis promotes metabolic dysfunction, increases inflammation throughout the body, and raises the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Steatosis is linked to Type 2 diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and obesity, highlighting the interconnectedness of metabolic health.

SGLT1 and SGLT2 are proteins that help the body reabsorb glucose from the kidneys and intestines, respectively. SGLT2 is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body cannot use glucose for energy and instead breaks down fat, producing ketones.

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is another serious complication of diabetes, characterized by extremely high blood sugar and dehydration.

Diabetic retinopathy is a condition affecting the small blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss and blindness.

Diabetic nephropathy is damage to the kidneys caused by high blood sugar levels. It can cause chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine, a sign of damage to the glomeruli in the kidney.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood.

Glycation occurs when glucose binds to proteins, causing damage to blood vessels and other tissues.

The accumulation of fat in the liver without inflammation.

Early stage of NAFLD, characterized by both fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver.

A process where the immune response in the liver becomes dysregulated, leading to excessive inflammation and potentially liver damage.

A collection of medical procedures used to diagnose and assess the severity of NAFLD, including steatosis, NASH, fibrosis and cirrhosis.

The amount of fat accumulated in the liver.

The level of inflammation present within the liver.

The extent of scarring in the liver.

The golden standard for diagnosing and assessing severity of NAFLD.

A hormone produced in the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure by promoting sodium retention in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and higher blood pressure.

A system that regulates blood pressure through two main mechanisms: vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and sodium retention.

A component of the RAAS that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, squeezing blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

Specialized cells in the kidneys that sense changes in sodium chloride levels in the urine, triggering the release of renin.

A specialized structure in the kidneys that regulates renal function, including renin release.

The process by which the body eliminates waste products (like potassium) through urine.

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

This type of high blood pressure has no identifiable cause.