Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of steatosis cases are attributed to insulin resistance and obesity?
What percentage of steatosis cases are attributed to insulin resistance and obesity?
- 75%
- 95%
- 85% (correct)
- 55%
Which dietary components are primarily responsible for liver fat accumulation?
Which dietary components are primarily responsible for liver fat accumulation?
- Saturated fats and refined carbohydrates (correct)
- High fiber and antioxidants
- High protein and low fat
- Unsaturated fats and whole grains
What role does physical inactivity play in the development of NAFLD?
What role does physical inactivity play in the development of NAFLD?
- It significantly contributes to obesity and insulin resistance. (correct)
- It decreases visceral fat.
- It has no impact.
- It enhances lipid metabolism.
What is the primary mechanism by which high fructose intake affects liver fat accumulation?
What is the primary mechanism by which high fructose intake affects liver fat accumulation?
What systemic issue does steatosis primarily promote?
What systemic issue does steatosis primarily promote?
How can steatosis and NASH be positively impacted?
How can steatosis and NASH be positively impacted?
Which lifestyle factor does NOT contribute to fat accumulation in the liver?
Which lifestyle factor does NOT contribute to fat accumulation in the liver?
What health risks are associated with steatosis due to metabolic dysfunction?
What health risks are associated with steatosis due to metabolic dysfunction?
What is the end result of the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the intima in response to chronic inflammation?
What is the end result of the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the intima in response to chronic inflammation?
What phenotypic change do smooth muscle cells undergo due to inflammatory signals?
What phenotypic change do smooth muscle cells undergo due to inflammatory signals?
Which enzymes are produced in response to inflammation that degrade the fibrous cap during atherosclerosis?
Which enzymes are produced in response to inflammation that degrade the fibrous cap during atherosclerosis?
What can excessive migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells lead to within the arteries?
What can excessive migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells lead to within the arteries?
Which inflammatory cytokines stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?
Which inflammatory cytokines stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?
What result occurs when the arterial lumen narrows beyond 50% due to atherosclerosis?
What result occurs when the arterial lumen narrows beyond 50% due to atherosclerosis?
How do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) further influence vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)?
How do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) further influence vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)?
What is the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in atherosclerosis?
What is the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in atherosclerosis?
What is the primary way early stages of NAFLD, such as Steatosis and Early NASH, can be reversed?
What is the primary way early stages of NAFLD, such as Steatosis and Early NASH, can be reversed?
Which immune cells are involved in the progression of liver damage in NASH?
Which immune cells are involved in the progression of liver damage in NASH?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing and assessing liver diseases such as NAFLD?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing and assessing liver diseases such as NAFLD?
What condition is primarily associated with asymptomatic fatty liver?
What condition is primarily associated with asymptomatic fatty liver?
What major limitation does liver biopsy have as a diagnostic tool?
What major limitation does liver biopsy have as a diagnostic tool?
Which of the following conditions has been shown to slow down damage progression in advanced stages of NAFLD?
Which of the following conditions has been shown to slow down damage progression in advanced stages of NAFLD?
What is NOT a typical symptom of steatosis?
What is NOT a typical symptom of steatosis?
Which lifestyle modification is effective for reversing early stages of NAFLD?
Which lifestyle modification is effective for reversing early stages of NAFLD?
What occurs if insulin is secreted but does not function properly?
What occurs if insulin is secreted but does not function properly?
What is the primary function of sodium-glucose transporters (SGLTs) in the body?
What is the primary function of sodium-glucose transporters (SGLTs) in the body?
Which of the following describes glycosuria?
Which of the following describes glycosuria?
Which condition is characterized by fat breakdown and ketone production due to insulin deficiency?
Which condition is characterized by fat breakdown and ketone production due to insulin deficiency?
What significant change occurs in the body when there is excessive glucose in the bloodstream?
What significant change occurs in the body when there is excessive glucose in the bloodstream?
What does polyuria result from in diabetes mellitus?
What does polyuria result from in diabetes mellitus?
What is a common acute complication of diabetes requiring immediate correction of blood glucose levels?
What is a common acute complication of diabetes requiring immediate correction of blood glucose levels?
What is one of the primary consequences of diabetic nephropathy?
What is one of the primary consequences of diabetic nephropathy?
Which of the following correctly characterizes the term 'diabetes mellitus'?
Which of the following correctly characterizes the term 'diabetes mellitus'?
What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) account for?
What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) account for?
What long-term effect does chronic hyperglycemia have on the kidneys?
What long-term effect does chronic hyperglycemia have on the kidneys?
Which condition is a result of high blood sugar levels damaging retinal blood vessels?
Which condition is a result of high blood sugar levels damaging retinal blood vessels?
What is a common consequence of the body being in a catabolic state due to insulin resistance?
What is a common consequence of the body being in a catabolic state due to insulin resistance?
What leads to excessive thirst (polydipsia) in diabetic conditions?
What leads to excessive thirst (polydipsia) in diabetic conditions?
What role does potassium play in the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
What role does potassium play in the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
What does proteinuria indicate in the context of diabetic nephropathy?
What does proteinuria indicate in the context of diabetic nephropathy?
What effect does sodium reabsorption have on blood volume?
What effect does sodium reabsorption have on blood volume?
What is the role of cortisol in relation to aldosterone?
What is the role of cortisol in relation to aldosterone?
What triggers the release of renin in the kidneys?
What triggers the release of renin in the kidneys?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect renin secretion?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect renin secretion?
What percentage of high blood pressure cases does primary hypertension account for?
What percentage of high blood pressure cases does primary hypertension account for?
What is a key property of angiotensin II in the context of blood pressure regulation?
What is a key property of angiotensin II in the context of blood pressure regulation?
Which structure regulates renal function in response to changes in sodium chloride levels?
Which structure regulates renal function in response to changes in sodium chloride levels?
What effect does a drop in pressure within the renal afferent arteriole have?
What effect does a drop in pressure within the renal afferent arteriole have?
Flashcards
Smooth Muscle Cell Migration in Atherosclerosis
Smooth Muscle Cell Migration in Atherosclerosis
A process where smooth muscle cells (SMCs) move from the middle layer (media) to the inner layer (intima) of an artery, contributing to plaque formation.
Phenotypic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells
Phenotypic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells
A change in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from a contractile, relaxed state to a synthetic, active state, allowing them to produce proteins that contribute to plaque formation.
Fibrous Cap
Fibrous Cap
A protective layer made of collagen and other proteins that forms over a developing atherosclerotic plaque.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
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Ischemia
Ischemia
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Plaque Destabilization
Plaque Destabilization
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Artery Lumen
Artery Lumen
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins
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GLUT4 Transporter
GLUT4 Transporter
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Insulin Resistance
Insulin Resistance
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Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia
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Glycosuria
Glycosuria
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Polyuria
Polyuria
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Polydipsia
Polydipsia
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Polyphagia
Polyphagia
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Lipolysis
Lipolysis
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What is Steatosis?
What is Steatosis?
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What type of diet contributes to Steatosis?
What type of diet contributes to Steatosis?
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How does fructose intake affect Steatosis?
How does fructose intake affect Steatosis?
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How does physical inactivity contribute to Steatosis?
How does physical inactivity contribute to Steatosis?
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What is the progression from Steatosis to NASH?
What is the progression from Steatosis to NASH?
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How is Steatosis a systemic disorder?
How is Steatosis a systemic disorder?
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What are the consequences of Steatosis on the body?
What are the consequences of Steatosis on the body?
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What are the links between Steatosis and other health conditions?
What are the links between Steatosis and other health conditions?
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What are SGLT1 and SGLT2?
What are SGLT1 and SGLT2?
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What is DKA?
What is DKA?
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What is HHS?
What is HHS?
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What is diabetic retinopathy?
What is diabetic retinopathy?
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What is diabetic nephropathy?
What is diabetic nephropathy?
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What is proteinuria?
What is proteinuria?
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What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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What is glycation?
What is glycation?
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Steatosis
Steatosis
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Early NASH
Early NASH
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Immune Dysregulation in NASH
Immune Dysregulation in NASH
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Liver Biopsy
Liver Biopsy
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Degree of Steatosis
Degree of Steatosis
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Degree of Inflammation
Degree of Inflammation
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Degree of Fibrosis
Degree of Fibrosis
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Liver Biopsy
Liver Biopsy
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What is aldosterone?
What is aldosterone?
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What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
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What is Angiotensin II?
What is Angiotensin II?
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What are macula densa cells?
What are macula densa cells?
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What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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What is excretion?
What is excretion?
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What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
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What is primary hypertension?
What is primary hypertension?
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Study Notes
Communicable Diseases
- Illnesses caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites)
- Spread through contact, contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or air
- Examples: influenza, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, COVID-19
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Illnesses not caused by infectious agents
- Develop over time due to genetic, lifestyle, or environmental factors
- Examples: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases (like asthma)
Atherosclerosis
- Chronic vascular disease affecting blood vessels
- Caused by plaque buildup (fatty deposits called atheromas) in the inner layer of arteries
- Plaque buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow
- Blood clots can form on the plaque, potentially leading to heart attacks or strokes
- Plaque formation is often triggered by factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, or an unhealthy diet
- Narrowing of arteries occurs as plaque accumulates
- Hardening of arteries occurs due to atherosclerosis, making blood flow harder
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