Understanding Statistical Terminology

What is the primary goal of collecting data from a sample in a research study?

What does descriptive statistics primarily focus on?

Why is it usually impossible to collect data on all subjects within a population?

What is the reason for choosing a representative and random sample from the population?

Which term describes the field of study focused on inferring conclusions about a larger group from collected data?

What is the main goal of most studies involving collected data?

In a research study, what is the primary focus of descriptive statistics?

What does inferential statistics allow researchers to do?

Why is it important to choose a random sample from the population?

What is the initial step in any study involving data collection?

Why do researchers typically collect data from a sample rather than the entire population?

In a case-control study, what is compared to controls?

What is one disadvantage of case-control studies?

In a cohort study, what do the exposed subjects experience more or less commonly than the non-exposed subjects?

What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohorts?

What is a disadvantage of randomized controlled trials?

What does blinding in randomized controlled trials help to minimize?

What is the purpose of a meta-analysis?

What must be derived from all clinical research studies according to ethical requirements?

What should individuals be informed about according to the informed consent requirement in clinical research?

What should be minimized within the context of standard clinical practice and the research protocol, according to ethical requirements?

What should communities and individuals be selected for in clinical studies, according to ethical requirements?

Which type of variable has an unlimited possibility of values or any value could be given?

What type of variable has two value possibilities or categories for the variable?

Which type of variable has two or more categories, but no way to order the values?

What type of study design saves time with available data and generates hypotheses?

Which type of study design is designed to assess causation and requires examining the effect of an exposure on the development of some outcome?

In which type of study design does an observational study use data from entire populations to compare disease frequencies among different groups?

What is the most basic descriptive study of individuals that provides a detailed report about a single patient or a series of patients concerning factors related to illness or outcome?

Which type of variable is similar to nominal but with a clear ordering of the values?

What type of data source is often not expensive to design a study, useful for small-scale projects, and helps to generate bigger ideas but can be time-consuming and may contain missing data?

In which type of study design is information on exposure, behavior, characteristics, and outcome of individuals assessed at the same point in time, saving time with available data and generating hypotheses?

In which type of observational study does an observational study use data from entire populations to compare disease frequencies among different groups during the same period of time or among the same population at different times?

In which type of study design are all analytical studies methods of examining the effect of an exposure on the development of some outcome?