Understanding Sleep-Wake Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythms

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What is the primary function of the Sleep-Wake Homeostasis mechanism?

To exert pressure to sleep based on the duration of wakefulness (correct)
To regulate the 24-hour cycle of bodily functions
To produce melatonin in response to light levels
To build up a sleep debt over time

What is the term for the accumulation of sleep deficiency over time?

Sleep Debt (correct)
Circadian Rhythm
Homeostatic Drive
Reticular Activating System

What is the name of the group of neurons responsible for directing circadian rhythms?

Reticular Activating System
Pineal Gland
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (correct)
Hypothalamus

What is the role of melatonin in regulating circadian rhythms?

It varies in concentration based on light levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the system responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions?

Reticular Activating System (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the newly discovered waste-removal pathway in the brain?

Glymphatic System (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the circadian rhythm?

The light/dark cycle of the sun (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition necessary for the Reticular Activating System to function properly?

A calm mind and a calm body (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glymphatic system in the brain?

To clear waste products from the brain tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep is the glymphatic system most active?

NREM Stage 3 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's patients and is removed by the glymphatic system?

Amyloid-beta (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many cycles of sleep do most people typically experience per night?

4-6 cycles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the space between brain cells that increases during deep sleep, allowing for efficient waste removal?

Extracellular space (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary tool used to measure the electrical activity in the brain during sleep?

Electroencephalogram (EEG) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurological disorders is associated with impaired glymphatic function?

Multiple sclerosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many stages of NREM sleep are there?

3 stages (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain waves are present during N3 deep sleep?

Delta waves with smaller faster waves (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between N1 and N2 sleep stages?

N1 has slower brain waves, while N2 has slower brain waves and sleep spindles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of sleep for children aged 3-5 years?

10-13 hours a day (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep state characterized by rapid eye movement, muscle paralysis, and vivid dreams?

REM sleep (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of sleep disturbance on the immune system?

Immune changes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and falling asleep during the day?

Narcolepsy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by uncontrolled muscle jerks, hypnotic jerks, and eye movement stops?

N1 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic consequences of sleep disturbance?

Acute consequences are short-term, while chronic consequences are long-term (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sleep disorders has a higher prevalence in women, especially during pregnancy?

Restless Leg Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Restless Leg Syndrome?

Crawling feeling and urge to move limbs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

Obesity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for insomnia?

Advancing age (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sleep disorders is caused by a problem with the circadian rhythm?

Delayed sleep phase disorder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential treatment for Restless Leg Syndrome?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sleep disorders is caused by a problem with the sleep environment?

Shift work sleep disruptions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of sleep-disordered breathing?

Shortness of breath (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age group affected by somnambulism?

School-aged children (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for uncontrolled urination during sleep?

Enuresis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'Gold Standard' of sleep assessment?

Polysomnography (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a BMI > 95th percentile in sleep assessment?

It is a risk factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of the tongue, jaw, and palate in sleep assessment?

Otolaryngological Assessment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the measurement of serum ferritin in sleep assessment?

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) test (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sudden episode of fear, often accompanied by a scream, during sleep?

Sleep terror (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a low BMI in sleep assessment?

It is a risk factor for insomnia (A) Signup and view all the answers