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What is the primary distinction between a seizure and epilepsy?
What is the primary distinction between a seizure and epilepsy?
According to the provided information, what is the minimum requirement to diagnose epilepsy?
According to the provided information, what is the minimum requirement to diagnose epilepsy?
Approximately what percentage of the general population will experience a seizure at some point during their lifetime?
Approximately what percentage of the general population will experience a seizure at some point during their lifetime?
What percentage of people with seizures do not require antiepileptic medication, for economic or social reasons?
What percentage of people with seizures do not require antiepileptic medication, for economic or social reasons?
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What is the primary difference in the origin of electrical discharges between focal and generalized seizures?
What is the primary difference in the origin of electrical discharges between focal and generalized seizures?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a complex partial seizure, but not a simple partial seizure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a complex partial seizure, but not a simple partial seizure?
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Which brain region is most commonly associated with complex partial seizures?
Which brain region is most commonly associated with complex partial seizures?
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Which of the following is a common psychiatric symptom associated with a complex partial seizure?
Which of the following is a common psychiatric symptom associated with a complex partial seizure?
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Which of the following accurately describes MOTOR automatisms?
Which of the following accurately describes MOTOR automatisms?
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What characterizes a primary generalized seizure?
What characterizes a primary generalized seizure?
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During which phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure does the body exhibit bilateral symmetrical jerking?
During which phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure does the body exhibit bilateral symmetrical jerking?
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What is a distinctive feature of absence seizures?
What is a distinctive feature of absence seizures?
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Which of the following is classified as a type of generalized seizure?
Which of the following is classified as a type of generalized seizure?
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What is a common cause of symptomatic (secondary) epilepsy?
What is a common cause of symptomatic (secondary) epilepsy?
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During which phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure does consciousness become lost?
During which phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure does consciousness become lost?
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What is a characteristic EEG finding during an absence seizure?
What is a characteristic EEG finding during an absence seizure?
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Study Notes
Seizures and Epilepsy
- Seizures are transient signs or symptoms caused by abnormal, excessive neuronal activity in the brain.
- Epilepsy is a tendency toward recurrent unprovoked seizures.
Defining Epilepsy
- Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has at least two unprovoked seizures that occur more than 24 hours apart, or one unprovoked seizure with a greater than 60% chance of a second unprovoked seizure.
Prevalence
- Seizures affect 7-10% of people at some point in their lives.
- Epilepsy affects 1% of the population.
Incidence and Age
- Incidence of seizures varies with age, peaking at infancy and old age (over 60).
- Epilepsy affects all genders, social classes, and ethnic groups.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Birth trauma
- Central nervous system (CNS) infections
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- 60% of individuals do not take antiepileptic drugs, often due to economic and social reasons.
Types of Seizures
- Focal (partial) seizures: Abnormal electrical discharge begins in one area of the brain.
- Simple focal seizures: Awareness is retained.
- Complex focal seizures: Awareness is impaired. May involve automatisms (highly integrated, complex involuntary movements like lip smacking or fumbling with hands). Often originate in the temporal lobe.
- Generalised seizures: Abnormal electrical discharge begins simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres.
- Types of generalised seizures include: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, and atonic.
- Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic: A focal seizure that spreads bilaterally causing a tonic-clonic seizure. -Absence: Brief loss of awareness; characterised by a blank stare.
- Types of generalised seizures include: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, and atonic.
Clinical Features of Seizures
- Motor: involves movement
- Non-motor: may involve sensory, autonomic, cognitive, or emotional symptoms.
Etiology of Epilepsy
- Idiopathic (primary): No identifiable cause; often genetic.
- Symptomatic (secondary): Caused by a known factor such as infection, stroke, brain tumor, head trauma, or birth injury.
- Other causes: Genetic, structural, infectious, metabolic and immune factors, and unknown causes.
Age and Etiology
- Etiology (cause) of epilepsy is useful to consider in terms of age.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of seizures and epilepsy, including their definitions, prevalence, incidence, causes, and types. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these neurological conditions affect individuals across different demographics.
