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Questions and Answers
What type of seizure is often triggered by hot temperatures or fever and is known for its severe implications?
What type of seizure is often triggered by hot temperatures or fever and is known for its severe implications?
Which seizure type is characterized by 'drop attacks' due to sudden loss of muscle tone?
Which seizure type is characterized by 'drop attacks' due to sudden loss of muscle tone?
What condition involves a prolonged seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures without recovery?
What condition involves a prolonged seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures without recovery?
Which of the following statements about absence seizures is true?
Which of the following statements about absence seizures is true?
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What common factor is associated with febrile seizures in children?
What common factor is associated with febrile seizures in children?
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In Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which of the following characteristics is noted?
In Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which of the following characteristics is noted?
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What is the typical age range for children affected by febrile seizures?
What is the typical age range for children affected by febrile seizures?
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What potential result can occur if status epilepticus is not treated promptly?
What potential result can occur if status epilepticus is not treated promptly?
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What is the defining characteristic of a seizure?
What is the defining characteristic of a seizure?
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What distinguishes epilepsy from a single seizure?
What distinguishes epilepsy from a single seizure?
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Which demographic is most commonly affected by epilepsy?
Which demographic is most commonly affected by epilepsy?
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What percentage of patients respond effectively to therapy for epilepsy symptoms?
What percentage of patients respond effectively to therapy for epilepsy symptoms?
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What is a common problem with epilepsy medication compliance?
What is a common problem with epilepsy medication compliance?
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What percentage of epilepsies are classified as focal (partial) epilepsies?
What percentage of epilepsies are classified as focal (partial) epilepsies?
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What is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy commonly associated with?
What is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy commonly associated with?
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Where do focal seizures typically begin?
Where do focal seizures typically begin?
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What is a seizure focus?
What is a seizure focus?
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Which of the following factors is associated with the occurrence of absence seizures?
Which of the following factors is associated with the occurrence of absence seizures?
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What changes are commonly found in seizure foci in focal epilepsies?
What changes are commonly found in seizure foci in focal epilepsies?
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What hormonal changes can trigger seizures in susceptible individuals?
What hormonal changes can trigger seizures in susceptible individuals?
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Which type of channels are associated with generalized epilepsies?
Which type of channels are associated with generalized epilepsies?
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Which seizure type is characterized by brief, shock-like contractions of muscles?
Which seizure type is characterized by brief, shock-like contractions of muscles?
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What is a characteristic feature of a tonic-clonic seizure?
What is a characteristic feature of a tonic-clonic seizure?
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Which medication is commonly used for treating myoclonic seizures?
Which medication is commonly used for treating myoclonic seizures?
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Which seizure type involves sustained contractions of opposing muscle groups?
Which seizure type involves sustained contractions of opposing muscle groups?
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What distinguishes a clonic seizure from other types of seizures?
What distinguishes a clonic seizure from other types of seizures?
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Which of the following is classified as a generalized form of epilepsy?
Which of the following is classified as a generalized form of epilepsy?
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What is a common feature of myoclonic seizures?
What is a common feature of myoclonic seizures?
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Which condition is also referred to as West’s syndrome?
Which condition is also referred to as West’s syndrome?
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What is a defining feature of focal aware seizures?
What is a defining feature of focal aware seizures?
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Which type of generalized seizure is known for causing stiffness and shaking of the body?
Which type of generalized seizure is known for causing stiffness and shaking of the body?
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What is the typical duration of a focal impaired seizure?
What is the typical duration of a focal impaired seizure?
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Which drug is NOT commonly used for treating generalized seizures?
Which drug is NOT commonly used for treating generalized seizures?
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What is a common characteristic of absence seizures?
What is a common characteristic of absence seizures?
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Which of the following anti-seizure drugs is associated with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures?
Which of the following anti-seizure drugs is associated with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures?
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Which of the following describes the duration of an absence seizure?
Which of the following describes the duration of an absence seizure?
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What distinguishes generalized seizures from focal seizures?
What distinguishes generalized seizures from focal seizures?
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Study Notes
Seizures vs. Epilepsy
- A seizure is an abnormal synchronization of cortical neurons; it can manifest as various physical symptoms.
- Seizures primarily originate from the cerebral cortex, unlike other CNS structures.
- Epilepsy is characterized by a tendency for unprovoked recurrent seizures, defined as having two or more seizures.
Epidemiology of Epilepsy
- Affects approximately 1.2% (3.5 million) of the U.S. population.
- Higher prevalence observed in both young children and elderly individuals.
- 70-80% of patients experience effective symptom control with therapy, but no cure is available.
- Medication non-compliance is common due to the need for long-term treatment and side effects.
Causes of Epilepsy
- Classified based on symptoms, seizure types, causes, and age of onset.
- Focal (partial) epilepsies make up 60% of cases; often tied to cortical lesions.
- Generalized epilepsies account for about 40% and are often genetic; juvenile myoclonic epilepsy represents 10% of all cases.
Types of Seizures
- Focal Seizures: Originate in one area of the brain; can cause various physical manifestations and may affect consciousness.
- Generalized Seizures: Involve both hemispheres of the brain with loss of consciousness; tonic-clonic seizures are notable for major muscle convulsions.
Categories of Focal Seizures
- Focal Aware Seizures: Consciousness preserved, varying manifestations, lasting 20-60 seconds.
- Focal Impaired Seizures: Impaired consciousness lasting 30 seconds to 2 minutes; purposeless movements may occur.
- Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Evolve from focal seizures to generalized tonic-clonic seizures, lasting 1-2 minutes.
Common Generalized Seizures
- Absence Seizures: Brief impairment of consciousness (under 30 seconds), includes staring episodes.
- Myoclonic Seizures: Rapid shock-like muscle contractions, either localized or generalized.
- Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Major convulsions, loss of consciousness; can proceed from focal seizures.
Generalized Convulsive Seizures
- Myoclonic Seizures: Rapid, shock-like contractions of single or grouped muscles.
- Tonic Seizures: Sustained muscle contractions affecting opposing muscle groups simultaneously.
- Clonic Seizures: Alternating relaxation and contraction of opposing muscle groups.
- Infantile Spasms: Clusters of symptoms known as West's syndrome.
Generalized Nonconvulsive Seizures
- Absence Seizures: Characterized by brief impaired consciousness and post-seizure amnesia.
- Atonic Seizures: Sudden loss of muscle tone leading to potential falls.
- Akinetic Seizures: Excessive inhibition causing impaired movement; loss of consciousness may occur.
Febrile Seizures
- Common in children aged 6 months to 5 years; occurs in response to fever.
Status Epilepticus
- Defined as seizures lasting over 5 minutes or multiple seizures without regaining consciousness in between.
- Constitutes a medical emergency with potential causes including alcohol withdrawal, electrolytic imbalances, and drug overdoses.
- Can lead to severe outcomes like brain damage, metabolic disturbances, and death.
Seizure Triggers
- Factors such as hyperventilation, sleep deprivation, sensory stimuli, stress, hormonal changes, and certain drugs can trigger seizures in predisposed individuals.
- Seizures arise due to hypersynchronized discharge of cortical neurons.
Seizure Foci
- Foci are areas within the cortex that act as abnormal pacemakers for seizure activity.
- Generalized epilepsies may involve voltage-gated channel mutations; focal epilepsies show changes in ion channel localization.
- Abnormalities in foci include decreased GABA inhibition and increased NMDA excitation, among other chemical imbalances.
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Description
Explore the key differences between seizures and epilepsy in this quiz. Understand how seizures manifest from abnormal neuron synchronization and the unique characteristics of epilepsy as an unprovoked tendency. Test your knowledge on the neurological aspects of these conditions.
