Understanding Science: Ideas, Activities, and Impact

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes 'science as an idea'?

  • The practical application of scientific knowledge to create tools and technologies.
  • A systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world through observation.
  • A field of study or discipline focused on learning about the world.
  • A compilation of ideas, theories, and systematic explanations about the natural and physical world. (correct)

How does 'science as an intellectual activity' primarily acquire knowledge?

  • Through philosophical debates and reasoning.
  • Through artistic expression and creative interpretation.
  • Through the accumulation of historical accounts and narratives.
  • Through systematic observation and experimentation. (correct)

Which of the following is the most accurate description of what 'science as a body of knowledge' encompasses?

  • A set of innate ideas that humans are born with.
  • A collection of personal opinions and beliefs about the world.
  • A purely theoretical framework with no practical applications.
  • A subject, discipline, or field of study focused on learning about the world. (correct)

How does 'science as a personal and social activity' contribute to human life?

<p>It helps develop a better understanding of the world, improves life, and aids survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides science, what other approaches have humans used to understand the world around them?

<p>Philosophy and religion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the period known as the 'Scientific Revolution'?

<p>A period of enlightenment where advancements in math, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed societal views. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what geographical region did the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations develop?

<p>Mesoamerica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientific or technological achievements is attributed to the Maya civilization?

<p>The development of hydraulic systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions is attributed to the Inca civilization?

<p>The calendar with 12 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice or innovation is associated with the Aztec civilization?

<p>The implementation of mandatory education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what primary contribution is India known in the context of the development of science?

<p>Manufacturing iron and metallurgical works (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ancient text is associated with surgical and medical procedures in Indian science?

<p>Susruta Samhita (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept related to astronomy was developed in India?

<p>Spherical self-supporting Earth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical concept was introduced by Brahmagupta in ancient India?

<p>Use of zero (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific achievement is attributed to ancient China?

<p>The invention of the compass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field of science saw significant advancements in the Middle East?

<p>Optics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists from the Middle East is credited with pioneering experimental medicine?

<p>Ibn Sina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of al-Khwarizmi's work in the history of science?

<p>He developed the concept of the algorithm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Maya civilization, what was the primary function of the Pyramid at Chichen Itza?

<p>A temple and astronomical observatory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did 'quipu' play in the Inca civilization?

<p>A system of knotted ropes used for record-keeping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of 'chinampa' in the Aztec civilization?

<p>A method of agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the understanding of a 'spherical self-supporting Earth' influence advancements in India?

<p>Advancements in cartography and navigation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Chinese invention of gunpowder have on global scientific development?

<p>Revolutionized warfare and led to advancements in metallurgy and chemistry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of the 'algorithm', developed by Al-Khwarizmi, influence fields such as computer science?

<p>It outlined a step-by-step procedure for solving problems which is used in computer programming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the Scientific Revolution on society?

<p>Radically transformed the views across various segments of society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Science as an Idea

Ideas, theories, and systematic explanations about the natural and physical world.

Science as an Intellectual Activity

Systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world involving observation and experimentation.

Science as a Body of Knowledge

A subject, discipline, or body of knowledge focused on learning about the world.

Science as a Personal and Social Activity

Knowledge and activities humans use to better understand and improve the world.

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Philosophy

Alternative explanations to certain phenomena.

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Religion

An effort to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms.

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Scientific Revolution

A period of enlightenment when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed societal views.

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Maya Civilization

Known for astronomy, calendar, hydraulic system, mica.

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Inca Civilization

Known for roads, buildings, irrigation, calendar, suspension bridge, knotted ropes, & Inca textiles.

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Aztec Civilization

Known for education, chocolates, medication, calendar, and invention of Canoe.

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India

Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works.

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Ayurveda

A system of traditional medicine.

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Susruta Samhita

Ancient texts that describes different surgical and other medical procedure

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Indian astronomy

Spherical self-supporting earth; 360 days with 12 equal parts.

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Aryabhatiya

Book introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques.

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Brahmagupta

Use of zero.

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Madhava of Sangamagrama

Father of mathematical analysis.

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Development of Science in China

Acupuncture, compass, gunpowder, printing tools, supernovas, eclipses, & comets; seismology

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Ibn Al-Haytham

Father of Optics.

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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Concept of the algorithm; al-jabr is algebra.

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Jabir ibn Hayyan

Father of Chemistry.

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Ibn Sina

Pioneer in experimental medicine

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Study Notes

Objectives

  • Students are expected to define science in different ways.
  • Students are expected to analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world.

Science as an Idea

  • Includes ideas, theories, and systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.

Science as an Intellectual Activity

  • Encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world.
  • Study involves systematic observation and experimentation.

Science as a Body of Knowledge

  • Defined as a subject, discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge.
  • Deals with the process of learning about the world.
  • Known as school science.

Science as a Personal and Social Activity

  • Represents knowledge and activities done by humans to develop a better understanding of the world.
  • Aims to improve and secure life.

Humans and Scientific Ideas

  • Humans use scientific ideas to know and understand the world.
  • Philosophy provides alternative explanations to phenomena.
  • Religion rationalizes the origins of life and lifeless forms.

Scientific Revolution

  • A period of enlightenment.
  • Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed societal views.
  • Impacted both the natural world, and the world of ideas.

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

  • Involves the Maya, Inca and Aztec civilizations.

Maya Civilization

  • Lasted approximately 2,000 years.
  • Contributed in astronomy.
  • Notable structures include the Pyramid at Chichen Itza, Mexico.
  • Developed the Mayan Calendar and a hydraulic system.
  • Used mica, and created Mayan hieroglyphics.

Inca Civilization

  • Featured roads paved with stones and stone buildings.
  • Created an irrigation system and technique.
  • Developed a calendar with 12 months.
  • Constructed the first suspension bridge.
  • Used quipu, a system of knotted ropes.
  • Produced Inca textiles.

Aztec Civilization

  • Established mandatory education.
  • Used chocolates.
  • Developed antispasmodic medication and the chinampa agricultural technique.
  • Used the Aztec Calendar.
  • Invented the canoe.

Development of Science in Asia

  • Includes India, China, and the Middle East.

Development of Science in India

  • Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works.

Science in India

  • Ayurveda is their system of traditional medicine.
  • The Susruta Samhita contains ancient texts describing surgical and other medical procedures.
  • The spherical self-supporting Earth was conceptualized.
  • A 360-day calendar with 12 equal parts was developed.
  • Siddhanta Shiromani was written.

Mathematics in India

  • The Mohenjo Daro Ruler was created.
  • Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques
  • Brahmagupta introduced the use of zero.
  • Madhava of Sangamagrama is known as the father of mathematical analysis.

Development of Science in China

  • Known for acupuncture and the compass.
  • Invented gunpowder, and printing tools.
  • Tracked supernovas, eclipses, and comets.
  • Developed seismology.

Development of Science in the Middle East

  • Ibn Al-Haytham is considered the Father of Optics.
  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of the algorithm and algebra (al-jabr).
  • Jabir ibn Hayyan is known as the Father of Chemistry.
  • Ibn Sina was a pioneer in experimental medicine.

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