Understanding Racism and Ethnicity Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What primarily distinguishes ethnic groups from racial groups?

  • Cultural patterns and national origin (correct)
  • Social construction
  • Physical characteristics
  • Perceived superiority

Which term refers to individuals identified as physically different from the dominant group?

  • Social class
  • Racial profiling
  • Cultural stereotype
  • Visible minority (correct)

What does institutional discrimination typically result in?

  • Equal opportunities for all demographics
  • Positive recruitment of all social classes
  • Widespread social acceptance of all ethnic groups
  • Denial of opportunities and equal rights (correct)

Which of the following best describes racism?

<p>A belief in the superiority of one's own race (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the stereotypes that overlook individual differences within a racial group?

<p>Racialization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about race is true according to the understanding of biological significance?

<p>There are no pure races. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the undue advantages enjoyed by dominant groups at the expense of others?

<p>Privileges of the dominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that contributes to the privilege of dominant racial groups?

<p>Historical context of racial dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of racial prejudice for the dominant group according to the functionalist perspective?

<p>Moral justification for maintaining an unequal society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Exploitation Theory suggest about racism?

<p>It keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and benefits the dominant group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Interactionist Perspective, what effect does positive interracial contact have?

<p>It leads to decreased prejudice and abandonment of stereotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term assimilation refer to?

<p>The process of adopting a different culture entirely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of systemic discrimination highlighted in the content?

<p>Discrimination exacerbates social problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines segregation?

<p>Physical separation of groups based on residency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of multiculturalism differ from assimilation?

<p>Multiculturalism fosters cultural diversity, while assimilation requires complete cultural absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct impact of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples in Canada?

<p>Higher rates of poverty, suicide, and infant mortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What systemic issue is highlighted by the observation that Indigenous women comprise almost 50 percent of human trafficking victims in Canada?

<p>The impact of colonial structures on Indigenous populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural genocide' refer to?

<p>The systematic destruction of a group’s cultural identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following recommendations was made to improve the welfare of Indigenous communities?

<p>Change the Criminal Code and support Indigenous policing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributes to systemic inequalities faced by Indigenous peoples in Canada?

<p>Colonial structures and historical injustices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant impact of colonial policies on Indigenous groups in Brazil?

<p>The loss of traditional hunting and fishing grounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence indicates the ongoing systemic problems related to Indigenous populations in Canada?

<p>Current high rates of violence and suicide among Indigenous populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach can be suggested to help protect Indigenous children from systemic violence?

<p>Teaching children self-protection strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major flaw in reasoning is identified regarding the issue of missing and murdered women?

<p>Attributing the issue solely to individual criminal behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Judith Butler's theory emphasize about gender?

<p>Everyone has a unique theory of gender. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gender stereotypes in media, how are women commonly portrayed?

<p>As weak, docile, and nurturing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiative has been mandated by law in Swedish pre-schools since 1998?

<p>Promote gender-neutral play and pronouns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of the empowering benefits of educating girls and women?

<p>It improves literacy rates among men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laura Bates describes experiences of women as ‘tiny pinpricks’. What does this term signify?

<p>A series of subtle, everyday occurrences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What educational goal was set at the international conferences regarding girls' education?

<p>To achieve gender equality in primary and secondary education by 2005. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does educating women have on community roles?

<p>It encourages women's participation in leadership positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do both men and women engage with the issues of gender prejudice according to the content?

<p>Both genders often refuse to acknowledge existing prejudices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the functionalist view suggest about gender differentiation?

<p>It contributes to social stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the properties that define women as a minority group?

<p>Membership in the subordinate group is involuntary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the conflict response, what is the traditional relationship between men and women characterized by?

<p>Unequal power dynamics favoring men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective argues that women's subjugation is inevitable in male dominated societies?

<p>Feminist perspective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do upper-middle class families tend to support?

<p>Egalitarian gender relations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do traditional gender roles get promoted within society?

<p>Through individual socialization and family influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the intersectional analysis, what factors contribute to the treatment of women as a minority?

<p>Class, race, and other social factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral pattern is more likely to be exhibited by men in conversations, according to the interactionist approach?

<p>Changing topics of conversation abruptly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the stated purposes of removing Indigenous children from their families in Canada?

<p>To eradicate Indigenous identity in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates refugees from immigrants?

<p>Refugees cannot safely return home due to threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theorists, how might framing the issue as a 'refugee crisis' affect public perception?

<p>It may stigmatize refugees as responsible for the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception do people often have about refugees seeking to settle in new countries?

<p>They can provide economic benefits to struggling economies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group among the distinct minority populations in Canada is often perceived as 'the other'?

<p>Muslims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor complicates decisions to accept or deny refugees in various countries?

<p>Public opinion towards differing cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical issue exists in differentiating refugees from those fleeing poverty?

<p>Refugees often cannot safely return home unlike economic migrants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In discussions about masculinity, what aspect is considered toxic according to the outlined view?

<p>Pretending to exhibit traits not representative of oneself (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethnic Group

A group set apart because of its national origin or unique cultural practices.

Racial Group

A category of people treated differently due to perceived physical distinctions.

Racialization

The process of classifying a group as a race based on physical and societal factors.

Prejudice

A negative view of an entire group, often minorities.

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Racism

The belief that one race is superior to others.

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Privileges of the Dominant

Advantages experienced by the dominant group at the expense of others.

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Institutional Discrimination

Discrimination built into the systems and institutions of society.

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Employment Equity

Positive measures to recruit previously disadvantaged groups for jobs and opportunities.

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Functions of Racial Prejudice (Functionalist Theory)

Racism benefits the dominant group by justifying inequality, discouraging questioning of power structures, and supporting the existing order.

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Dysfunctions of Racism (Functionalist Theory)

Racism creates social issues like wasted resources, aggravated problems, and investment in maintaining barriers.

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Exploitation Theory (Conflict Perspective)

Racism perpetuates low-paying jobs for minorities, keeping wages down for everyone. By using cheap labor, capitalists benefit.

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Contact Hypothesis (Interactionist Perspective)

The idea that contact between people of equal status in cooperative situations can reduce prejudice and stereotypes.

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Genocide

The deliberate and systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

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Expulsion

The forced removal of a people from a region or country.

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Assimilation

The process of giving up one's cultural traditions and becoming part of a different culture. Embracing a new identity with the goal of fitting in.

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Segregation

Physical separation of people based on their race, ethnicity, or culture. It can occur in housing, education, and other aspects of life.

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Functionalist View of Gender

The idea that gender roles and expectations contribute to social stability and harmony. This view emphasizes the different roles men and women play in society, with men focusing on tasks and external relationships and women focusing on family and emotional well-being.

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Conflict Response to Gender

The belief that gender differences are the result of men's power over women, leading to a system of oppression, exploitation, and unequal power dynamics.

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Feminist Perspective on Gender

A perspective that recognizes the historical and ongoing subordination of women in male-dominated societies. It emphasizes the ways in which women have been undervalued, underrepresented, and excluded.

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Gender Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize gender roles and expectations through family, media, and societal influences.

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Intersectionality

The interplay of various social factors, such as race, class, gender, and sexual identity that create complex layers of inequality and discrimination.

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Interactionist Approach to Gender in Interaction

A micro-sociological perspective that examines everyday interactions, suggesting that men often dominate conversations by changing topics, ignoring women's ideas, and interrupting them.

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Women as an Oppressed Majority

The concept that women, despite being the majority in the population, face systemic disadvantage and oppression similar to minority groups.

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Gender Equality and Class

Upper-middle class families tend to be more supportive of equal gender roles and relations.

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Systemic Inequality in Canada

A pattern of inequality where specific groups, especially Indigenous Peoples, are systematically disadvantaged by dominant groups, resulting in issues like poverty and insufficient housing.

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Cultural Genocide

The systematic destruction of a group's culture, including their language, history, and traditions.

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Reservation System

The Canadian government's policy of confining Indigenous Peoples to specific areas, often with limited access to resources or land.

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The Sixties Scoop

The forced removal of Indigenous children from their families and communities, often placed in residential schools where they were subjected to assimilation efforts.

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Cultural Assimilation

The intentional destruction of a group's culture, often through policies aimed at assimilation or eradication of their traditions.

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Intersectional Inequality

A system of inequality based on class, gender, race, and ethnicity, where these factors intersect to create disadvantages for certain groups.

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Indigenous Population Decline in Brazil

The decline of Indigenous populations in Brazil due to factors like deforestation, mining, and government policies.

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Confined Indigenous Communities

The removal of Indigenous communities from their traditional lands and the confinement of them to small areas designated as reservations.

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Residential Schools

Residential schools were a system in Canada where Indigenous children were separated from their families and placed in schools, with the goal of assimilating them into European culture. This included suppressing their languages, traditions, and cultural identities.

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The 60s Scoop

The 60s Scoop refers to the large-scale removal of Indigenous children from their homes and placement into non-Indigenous families in Canada, especially during the 1960s. The goal was to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream society, but it resulted in the severing of cultural ties and the loss of their families.

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Refugee Convention

The 1951 Refugee Convention is a significant international document that defines the legal framework for protecting refugees and outlines the obligations of states towards them.

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Refugee

Refugees are individuals who are forced to flee their country of origin due to persecution or violence. They are unable to return home safely because of threats to their lives or freedom.

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Immigrant

Immigrants choose to move to another country for various reasons, such as seeking better job opportunities, education, or family reunification. Their decision is not driven by immediate threats to their safety.

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Conflict Theory Perspective on Refugee Crisis

Conflict theorists believe that framing the refugee crisis as a problem caused by refugees themselves is a way of blaming the victim. They argue that focusing on the humanitarian crisis ignores the underlying power dynamics and systemic issues that contributed to the situation.

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The Other

The term 'other' is used to describe a group or individual who is perceived as being different or outside the dominant group. This can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and a sense of exclusion.

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Toxic Masculinity

Toxic masculinity refers to harmful stereotypes about men that emphasize aggression, dominance, and emotional suppression. This can lead to negative consequences for men themselves, as well as women and society as a whole.

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Gender Stereotypes in Media

The idea that men are seen as strong, aggressive, and dominant while women are seen as weak, submissive, and nurturing in media.

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Theory of Gender

A term coined by Judith Butler to describe how people learn and internalize gender roles.

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Egalia School

A Swedish school designed with gender-neutral play areas, pronouns, and activities to encourage inclusivity and challenge traditional gender roles.

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Tiny Pinpricks

A continuous pattern of small, seemingly insignificant incidents that can accumulate over time and contribute to larger problems, such as sexism or discrimination.

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Education of Girls

The act of educating girls and women, which has a range of positive impacts on their health, productivity, and societal roles.

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Gender Gap in Literacy

The difference in literacy rates between men and women, with women often having lower rates due to various factors.

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Gender Equality

The belief that everyone should be treated equally regardless of their gender, and that traditional gender roles should be challenged.

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Recognizing Sexism

The realization that sexism and discrimination against women are not just isolated incidents but a pervasive societal issue.

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Study Notes

Racial & Ethnic Inequality

  • Racial group: A group differentiated from others based on perceived physical differences.
  • Ethnic group: A group distinguished by shared national origin or cultural patterns.
  • Minority groups: Groups with less control and power than the dominant group. Characteristics often include unequal treatment, distinguishing physical/cultural traits, involuntary membership, solidarity, and in-group marriage.
  • Visible minority: Canadians who aren't white or are physically different from white Canadians of European descent (the dominant group).
  • Race as a concept: A social construction; no "pure races" exist; racialization (defining groups as races) is influenced by historical, cultural, and economic factors; stereotypes are unreliable generalizations.
  • Ethnicity: Groups differentiated by national origin or cultural patterns.
  • Prejudice: A negative attitude toward an entire category of people (frequently ethnic or racial minorities).
  • Discrimination: Denial of equal rights and opportunities to individuals and groups due to bias.

Discriminatory Behavior

  • Racism: The belief that one race is superior to others, and that their differences are inferior.
  • Discrimination: Denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals based on arbitrary bias.
  • Glass Ceiling: An invisible barrier preventing qualified individuals (based on gender, race, or ethnicity) from promotion in the workplace.
  • Institutional discrimination: Refers to the denial of equal rights and opportunities that is implicitly part of the norms of a society; It affects particular racial and ethnic groups more than others.
  • Racial or ethnic profiling: Using race or ethnicity as a standard for suspect profiling in law enforcement.

Employment Equity

  • Employment equity: Efforts to recruit historically underrepresented groups for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.

Functionalist Perspective

  • Nash's functions of racial prejudice for the dominant group:
    • Moral justification for maintaining inequality.
    • Discourages subordinate groups from challenging the status quo.
    • Reinforces support for the existing social order.

Conflict Perspective

  • Exploitation theory: Racism maintains minorities in low-paying jobs to benefit the dominant group.
  • Feminist perspectives: Gender is not the only source of oppression; immigrant women, visible minority women, and Indigenous women experience multiple forms of inequality—related to their race, ethnicity, class, and gender.

Interactionist Perspective

  • Contact hypothesis: Consistent positive contact between people of different racial and ethnic groups reduces prejudice and discrimination.
  • Extreme behaviors:
    • Genocide: The deliberate killing of an entire group of people.
    • Expulsion: Forcing people to leave a region or country.

Multiple Jeopardies

  • Multiple jeopardies: The compounded effects of discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, class, age, or physical disability.

Social Class

  • Social class intersects with other identities to create unique layers of inequality, for example; women of color experience unique forms of discrimination because of perceived race, gender, and poverty.

Crime

  • Crime: A violation of criminal law where governmental authority applies penalties.
  • Types of crime: examples include street crime, professional crime, organized crime, white-collar crime, computer crime, organizational crime, victimless crimes.
  • Crime statistics: Crime rates should not be interpreted as an exact representation of incidence or occurrence.

Deviance

  • Deviance: Behavior that violates group norms.
  • Social stigma: Labels placed on certain groups.
  • Stigmatization: Stigma becoming part of a person's identity.

Gender

  • Gender roles: Societal expectations of behavior for men and women.
  • Gender socialization: How individuals learn these roles.
  • Gender inequality: Unequal distribution of power and resources based on gender.

Police-Reported Crime Severity Indexes

  • Index based on Criminal Code incidents and other federal statute violations.

Police-Reported Crime Rates

  • Crime rates in Canada.
  • Victimization surveys: Surveys of ordinary people to determine victimization rates, not solely based on police reports.

Feminist Perspectives

  • Various perspectives on gender inequality.
    • Liberal: Equality through adjustments to institutions.
    • Marxist: Capitalism as a cause of oppression.
    • Socialist: Capitalism and patriarchy causing inequality.
    • Radical: Patriarchy as the root of inequality.
    • Global: Focuses on global power disparities.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to racism and ethnicity, distinguishing between ethnic and racial groups, and examining the impact of institutional discrimination. It also delves into theories such as the Exploitation Theory and the role of privilege and prejudice in society.

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