Understanding Public Policy

According to Les A. Pal, what does public policy encompass?

Which of the following best describes the role of the 'policy cycle'?

Which perspective aligns with the belief that government intervention is justified in certain situations to protect people from being taken advantage of?

Which of the following accurately describes the 'agenda-setting' stage in the policy cycle?

What type of policy involves the government using tax revenues to provide benefits to specific groups or individuals?

Which type of policy is aimed at promoting equality through the redistribution of wealth from one group to another?

Which of these best describes rational-comprehensive theory in the context of public policy?

What is the primary assumption underlying 'public choice' theory?

What is the main claim of the 'Elite Theory' in politics?

According to Robert Dahl, what primarily shapes policy outcomes?

What is the primary objective of a group, as it relates to policy decisions?

What is a key feature of an 'in-group'?

What does 'group identification' primarily involve?

What is a primary criticism of the 'group approach'?

What is the central action in advocacy?

What is the explicit goal of 'systemic advocacy'?

What is the key difference between advocacy and lobbying?

What primarily defines a lobbyist?

Which of the following defines 'grassroots lobbying'?

What is the primary role of 'policy entrepreneurs'?

What characteristic is typical of 'bellwethers' in policy?

How does media framing primarily affect policy?

Which of the following is an example of an 'advocacy tactic'?

What does the term 'agenda' refer to in the context of policy making?

Which of the statements are accurate regarding agendas?

What is the 'agenda universe'?

How do interest groups participate in agenda setting?

What is 'issue framing' in the context of agenda setting?

What is 'frame-building' in the framing process?

What is the purpose of 'policy dialogue'?

According to Robert Dahl, which statement relates to democracy?

Why can't we have direct democracy nowadays?

The following are key elements of parties EXCEPT:

According to Hanna Pitkin, what is representation?

One of the following terms relate to interest group representation:

What is meant by Typology of representation

Which of the following correctly describes the role of government inaction in the context of public policy?

How does policy formulation relate to the agenda-setting stage in the policy cycle?

Which of the following policy types is most directly concerned with altering the distribution of wealth and resources in society?

How might a regulatory policy impact a specific industry?

Which policy type is exemplified by the establishment of a new government agency to oversee environmental regulations?

How does the Rational-Comprehensive Model differ from Bounded Rationality in explaining policy decisions?

What is the primary characteristic of Incrementalism as a theory of public policy?

How does the Mixed-Scanning Model attempt to balance comprehensiveness and practicality in policy-making?

According to Public Choice Theory, what primarily motivates policymakers' decisions?

According to group theory, how is public policy primarily shaped?

What foundational element leads to group formation, according to group theory?

How is 'Groupthink' characterized within the context of group theory?

How does pluralism differ from elite theory in explaining the dynamics of policy-making?

Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'advocacy' in the context of public policy?

How do advocacy groups primarily differ from governmental bodies in their role in public policy?

What is the key distinction between advocacy and lobbying?

In what way does grassroots lobbying aim to influence policy decisions?

Which type of advocacy involves speaking on behalf of a broader societal cause?

What is the primary focus of 'policy advocacy'?

Which statement best describes the purpose of agendas in the context of policy making?

What differentiates a 'public agenda' from a 'media agenda'?

How does the 'mobilization model' function in agenda building?

What role do interest groups play in agenda setting?

Why is 'issue framing' important in the context of agenda setting and policy influence?

Which of the following most accurately describes democracy?

How does a representative democracy differ from a direct democracy?

What is the key feature of participatory democracy that distinguishes it from other forms of democracy?

Which of the following is not a recognized function of participatory democracy?

What does 'political representation' fundamentally aim to achieve?

According to Hanna Pitkin, what does 'Formalistic Representation' primarily concern?

Which of Hanna Pitkin's types of representation is best exemplified by a representative who shares the same ethnic background as their constituents?

How does 'Substantive Representation' differ from other types of representation according to Hanna Pitkin?

How do interest groups primarily contribute to democracy?

How do interest groups relate to direct democracy mechanisms such as initiatives and referendums?

What is a potential disadvantage of interest groups in a democracy?

What is a key advantage of interest groups in a democracy?

According to Thomas Dye's definition, what encompasses public policy?

The policy cycle is a strictly-defined process that all organizations must follow to complete policies.

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the policy cycle?

A policy that directly restricts or mandates certain behaviors is known as ______ policy.

Match the following types of policies with their descriptions:

Which category includes rational-comprehensive theory and incrementalism?

Give an example of a modern theory of public policy.

Deductive theories of public policy are based primarily on empirical observation.

Which of the following is a core tenet of the rational-comprehensive theory?

The rational-comprehensive model assumes clarification of values and objectives distinct from comparison of alternative policies, conducting a means-end analysis, and a ______ review of every relevant factor to the decision.

What is a key advantage of the rational-comprehensive model in policy making?

The rational-comprehensive model is generally inexpensive and quick to implement.

The concept of 'satisficing,' central to the Administrative Model of decision-making, suggests that:

According to Herbert Simon, what do administrators look for in solutions?

The Incremental Model suggests that policies change ______ as a result of successive limited comparisons between the status quo and very close alternatives.

Which of the following is a basic assumption of Incrementalism?

Incrementalism is often praised for its ability to promote long-term, visionary policy changes.

What is a major criticism of the Incremental Model?

Who associated to the mixed scanning model?

According to Mixed Scanning, ______ decisions involve radical changes in policy.

What is a key feature of the Mixed Scanning model?

In Mixed Scanning, uncertainty and scarce information are considered exceptions to the rule.

Public choice theory is best defined as:

In public choice theory, what is the basic building block of policymaking or political action?

In public choice theory, actors engage in competitive ______ behavior.

According to public choice theory, actors prefer policies were they have to give a share in the surplus.

What is a 'policy community'?

Policy community is therefore, a more [blank] category of all those are involved in policy formulation.

A policy ______ is a complex of organizations connected to each other by resource dependencies.

A policy network is the same thing as Policy Community.

Which of the following best describes 'Pluralism'?

According to pluralism, which groups have an influence on the making and administration of laws and policy?

Instructions: Match each of the following policy theories with its core principle.

In the policy cycle, when does policy legitimation typically occur?

According to Les A. Pal, public policy is solely about government action and never inaction.

Which aspect of the rational-comprehensive model presents a significant challenge in practical application?

How does bounded rationality, as described by Herbert Simon, differ from the assumption of rationality in the rational-comprehensive model?

The mixed-scanning model suggests that effective policy-making involves a combination of both ______ decisions for significant changes and incremental decisions for adjustments.

In public choice theory, 'rent-seeking' always involves illegal or unethical activities.

Which of the following theories posits that public policy is made through the interaction within groups called the subgovernment?

In group theory of politics, what does a 'group' primarily represent?

Group theory primarily focuses on the individual behaviors within a society, rather than the collective actions of groups.

Name two types of interactions that group theory explores among different groups.

Group theory asserts that groups play a ______ role in shaping public policies.

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

According to the emergence of group theory, what is a key characteristic of modern society?

The theory of institutionalism emphasizes the role of interest groups over state institutions.

What does the political theory of pluralism suggest about the distribution of political power in society?

According to group theory, group ______ is defined as objectively belonging to a particular social group.

Match the following group concepts with their definitions:

What is an important characteristic of in-out groups?

Group identification is a sufficient condition for group membership.

Define group consciousness.

Group _____ refers to the positive or negative valence that an individual holds toward a group.

Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

What is the underlying assumption of the group approach in understanding political behavior?

Each group's character is reducible to the characteristics of its individual members.

What is groupthink?

In cohesive decision-making groups, there is a risk that decision-makers will make proposals to ______ their colleagues.

Match the following criticisms of the group approach:

What is classical pluralism?

According to pluralism, the state is controlled by a particular group.

According to pluralism, how is power distributed in a representative democracy?

Pluralists believe the interest group system is democratic because people can freely join or organize groups that reflect their own ______.

Match each term with its description regarding pluralism:

Which of the following is a key assumption of pluralism regarding political power?

Under pluralism, there exists a single set of powerful leaders who fully agree on major goals.

What does pluralism imply about the nature of competition in the public arena?

According to criticisms of pluralism, some interests habitually ______ in the policy making process, while others habitually win.

Match the following criticisms of pluralism with their descriptions:

What is the focus of institutionalism in the context of political theory?

In-groups are defined as groups that individuals do not identify with or belong to.

What is one characteristic of groups that can lead to "groupthink"?

Classical pluralism suggests that the government acts as a relatively ______ arena for mediating and finding compromises between diverse interests.

Match the following concepts relating to group behavior with their definitions or implications:

Which assumption underlies the concept of pluralism in political theory?

Neo-pluralism is primarily focused on the idea that power is equally distributed among all groups in society.

Briefly explain the concept of 'group affect' in the context of group theory.

A major criticism of the group approach in political science is that it often ignores the role and influence of individual ______.

Match each key term from group theory with its correct characteristic or impact:

Which of the following best describes advocacy in a broad sense?

Advocacy is limited to organized groups and does not include individual actions.

Define advocacy in terms of influencing government policy without governing.

Advocacy can be described as directly ______, supporting, or recommending a course of action on behalf of individuals or groups.

What is the primary goal of 'systemic advocacy'?

Advocacy always involves direct confrontation and protest.

Briefly describe how advocacy empowers individuals.

Advocacy includes organizing efforts by citizens to influence public policies through ______ and pressuring state authorities and other powerful actors.

There are legal limits to the amount of non-lobbying advocacy an organization can undertake.

Explain the concept of 'raising your voice' in the context of advocacy.

Lobbying is defined as any attempt to influence ______ legislation.

Which activity is the best example of lobbying?

Lobbying always requires grassroots support from the general public.

How does lobbying differ from general attempts to educate the public about an issue?

The federal Lobbying Act defines lobbying as paid communication with a public officer about federal ______.

Which of the following is an example of grassroots lobbying?

Direct lobbying relies heavily on public opinion and mass mobilization.

What characteristics define 'direct lobbying'?

Lobbying makes up a ______ portion of the total amount of advocacy efforts by most nonprofits.

Which of the following best describes the role of an advocate?

Advocates are only found in the legal profession.

In what capacity can a citizen be an advocate?

An advocate is a person who works for a cause or ______.

What is the primary role of lobbyists?

Lobbyists only work for corporations.

Describe the extended role that lobbyists may take on.

_____ are advocates that are willing to invest considerable energy and resources and have political connections and savoir-faire to secure a policy win.

What best describes the role of policy champions?

Policy champions typically avoid taking a position on policy.

List three characteristics that define a 'policy champion'.

______ track policy issues and carry weight with others.

Which sector does not usually serve as an organization for advocacy?

Advocacy is about representing rights of others.

Distinguish between self-advocacy and case advocacy

______ advocates change to official policy or legislation.

Which tactic is not generally used in advocacy?

Setting goals is one of the first principles to take action in advocacy

What is the utility in broadening the base of support in advocacy.

Match advocacy process with the given statement

Which of the following best describes the term 'agenda' in the context of political controversies?

An agenda is solely a concrete list of bills before a legislature.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of agendas that dictate how a society addresses social problems?

Briefly, what does agenda setting refer to?

The agenda universe is a practical concept for decision-makers, allowing them to examine every conceivable issue.

Which of the following best describes the 'public agenda'?

The ________ agenda is the list of items which decision makers have formally accepted for serious consideration.

Match the agenda type with its description:

According to Cobbs et al., which model of agenda building describes issues that arise in nongovernmental groups and expand to reach the public and formal agendas?

The mobilization model of agenda building considers issues initiated outside the government.

What initiates the issues considered by the mobilization model of agenda building?

Which of Anthony Down's stages is marked by growing realization of the cost of significant progress for an attention issue?

Pluralists believe that only government officials have access to policymakers.

Which of the following entities are typically involved in the agenda-setting process?

In the agenda-setting process, interest groups try to push their issues on to ______ agendas.

For interest groups, agenda setting is solely about achieving new and favorable policy outcomes.

What is the primary goal for interest groups participating in the agenda-setting process?

Name one way that interest groups access lawmakers and civil servants?

Interest groups may employ an _______ lobbying strategy to influence public opinion and/or media news coverage and mobilize them to urge policymakers

How does framing an issue influence the types of solutions proposed?

Frame-building involves audience consumption of news with frames and subsequent adoption.

What does frame-setting describe in the context of issue framing?

Define citizen mobilization

Policymakers tend to favor interest groups that can garner ______ and ______ support in the agenda-setting process.

Advocacy groups use policy dialogue to achieve which of the following goals?

Policy dialogues offer no mutual understanding in improving mutual understanding.

According to the content given, what is heavily influenced by policy agendas?

Looking at the image of Agenda Universe, what does systemic agenda mean?

According to the content provided by the image, agenda are a collection of problems, solution, and understandings of ___________.

What does the formal agenda consist of?

Policy makers are the sole influence on how issues get on the agenda.

In the cobbs et al. model of agenda building, the issues that arise withing the governmental sphere are referred to what models?

Issues get on the agenda because of luck.

What does citizen mobilization do to help spurn?

How can issues be place into controversy within a community agenda?

Agenda setting can only be made in the community level and can be only available for discussions.

What is the term used in content that can be related to a general set of political controversies that will be viewed as falling within the range of legitimate concerns meriting the attention of the polity?

How does issues becomes a subject of attention?

Looking at the Models of Agenda Settings in the content, what is the Outside Initiative Model?

Interested groups aren't needed to help advocate their agendas into policy agendas.

Match the following lobbying strategies for interested groups.

What is the essential idea behind democracy?

The term 'demokratia' originates from Roman, meaning 'rule by the patricians'.

In classical democracy, such as that which began in Athens, what was a key requirement for citizenship?

In a representative democracy, citizens exercise their sovereignty through legitimately ______ representatives.

Which type of democracy combines elements of both direct and representative democracy?

In participatory democracy, politicians primarily decide on policy proposals, while citizens handle policy implementation.

What is one of the key roles assigned to citizens in a participatory democracy?

Participatory democracy emphasizes the importance of educating citizens and providing communication to promote political ______.

Which of the following is a functional outcome of social participation in participatory democracy?

Participatory democracy primarily leads to authoritarian forms of government due to increased citizen involvement.

What is one of the integrative functions of participatory democracy for citizens?

A benefit of participatory democracy is that it contributes to a greater ______ of decisions.

According to Hanna Pitkin, what is the activity of making citizens' voices and opinions 'present' in public policy making processes called?

Political representation only involves elected officials acting on behalf of the people.

According to Hanna Pitkin, what type of representation includes the institutional arrangements that precede and initiate representation?

According to Hanna Pitkin, ______ representation refers to the extent to which a representative resembles those being represented.

According to Hanna Pitkin, which type of representation concerns the actions taken by representatives on behalf of the represented?

Symbolic representation is solely about the demographic similarity between representatives and their constituents.

According to Hanna Pitkin, what is the name of the representation type that refers to the ways a representative 'stands for' the represented?

Interest groups serve as critical ______ institutions linking citizens and political elites.

What role do interest groups play in relation to majoritarian institutions in a democracy?

Interest groups primarily seek to weaken the connection between citizens and political elites.

What are the 2 direct democracy instruments used by Interest groups to influence policy making?

The initiative process enables citizens to propose a constitutional amendment or a legislative ______.

What does the 'initiative' allow groups of citizens to do?

The initiative process allows groups to remove a policy issue from the political agenda.

What is the primary requirement for an initiative promoter to succeed in getting an issue on the ballot?

A ______ allows voters to ratify or reject a constitutional provision or a law.

What is the main function of a referendum?

A referendum allows groups to propose new policies that are automatically adopted without legislative review.

How does the initiative or referendum process differ from legislative law-making?

Interest groups utilize direct democracy to access the policy process and influence policy ______ directly.

Which of the following is an advantage of interest groups in a democracy?

In a democracy, interest groups always ensure totally equitable opportunities for all groups to compete.

How does direct democracy empower interest groups to bypass the typical legislative process?

Under the referendum process, interest groups can question a policy decided by elected representatives, thus becoming ______ players.

What is a potential advantage of direct democratic institutions concerning collective action problems?

Direct democracy decreases the association of interest groups with establishing public policies in administrative and legislative venues.

According to the content, how can interest groups being supported by wealthy individuals be seen as unfair?

A disadvantage of interest groups is that they may promote advancement of interests that don't always strive for the ______ good.