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Questions and Answers
Which phenomenon explains why people tend to develop a preference for things they are exposed to frequently?
What principle suggests that frustration can lead to aggression, particularly when goals are blocked?
Which type of love involves intense feelings of longing, desire, and attraction towards another person?
What theory suggests that people engage in relationships that provide them with rewards greater than the costs?
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What norm is the expectation that people will help those who have helped them or reciprocate kindness?
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What perception occurs when opposing parties in a conflict view themselves as moral and the other side as immoral?
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What term refers to the belief that people get what they deserve, leading to the assumption that success or failure is deserved?
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What is the term for the tendency to have difficulty distinguishing between faces of individuals from races different from one's own?
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Which term describes an oversimplified and generalized belief about a particular group of people?
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What does ingroup bias involve?
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Which theory suggests that people blame less powerful groups for their frustrations or problems?
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What is discrimination based on?
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Study Notes
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice is when someone holds negative attitudes or beliefs about another person or group based on stereotypes, without adequate knowledge or understanding.
- Discrimination refers to the unfair treatment or actions against individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, religion, or age.
Social Groups and Identity
- An ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member, involving feelings of belonging and loyalty.
- An outgroup is a social group to which a person does not identify as being a member, often perceived as different or inferior to one's ingroup.
Social Psychological Phenomena
- The just world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve, leading to the assumption that those who experience success or failure must have done something to deserve it.
- The scapegoat theory suggests that when people are frustrated or unhappy, they may blame their problems on a less powerful or marginalized group.
- The other race effect is the tendency for people to have difficulty distinguishing between faces of individuals from races different from their own.
- The frustration-aggression principle suggests that frustration can lead to aggression, particularly if the person experiencing frustration feels blocked from achieving their goals.
- The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things they are exposed to frequently.
Types of Love
- Passionate love involves intense feelings of longing, desire, and attraction towards another person, often characterizing the early stages of a romantic relationship.
- Companionate love is a deep affection and attachment towards someone, often characterized by feelings of intimacy, commitment, and trust.
Relationships
- Equity in relationships refers to a balance of give-and-take where both parties contribute and receive in proportion to their contributions.
- Self-disclosure is the act of revealing personal information, thoughts, or feelings to others, an important aspect of building intimacy in relationships.
- Altruism is the unselfish concern for the welfare of others, even at the expense of one's own well-being.
Social Influence and Responsibility
- The bystander effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a person in need when others are present, due to diffusion of responsibility.
- Social exchange theory suggests that people engage in relationships that provide them with rewards greater than the costs, emphasizing the rational calculation of benefits and drawbacks.
- The reciprocity norm is the expectation that people will help those who have helped them, or will reciprocate kindness and generosity.
- The social-responsibility norm is the expectation that people should help those in need, especially when they are dependent or unable to help themselves.
Conflict and Social Traps
- Conflict refers to disagreements or struggles between individuals or groups who have opposing goals, interests, or values.
- A social trap is a situation in which individuals or groups pursue their own interests, leading to negative outcomes for the collective as a whole.
- Mirror image perceptions occur when opposing parties in a conflict each view themselves as moral and justified, while perceiving the other side as immoral or unjust.
- A self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief or expectation that leads to its own fulfillment, typically because people act in ways that confirm their beliefs.
- Superordinate goals are goals that are shared by multiple groups, often necessitating cooperation and collaboration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on concepts such as prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes. Explore how these notions can affect individuals and groups in society.
