Understanding Prejudice Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What term refers to the internal conflict that arises when someone acts prejudiced and subsequently justifies their actions?

Group Polarization

Cognitive Consistency

Social Identity

Cognitive Dissonance (correct)

Which model reduces prejudice by promoting a collective identity that includes members of different groups?

Interpersonal Theory

Strict Group Framework

Common Ingroup Identity Model (correct)

Ingroup Preference Model

The Dual Identity Model encourages individuals to recognize both their subgroup identity and what larger identity?

National Identity

Superordinate Identity (correct)

Cultural Identity

Ethnic Identity

What does Intergroup Contact Theory suggest is necessary for reducing prejudice between groups?

Positive Interactions Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the tendency to view outgroup members as more similar to each other than they truly are?

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted a study that illustrated ingroup favoritism based on trivial group distinctions?

Tajfel et al. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the Common Ingroup Identity Model?

Excessive resource allocation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome when one member of an outgroup is portrayed negatively?

Negative perceptions of the entire outgroup Signup and view all the answers

What does the Common Ingroup Identity Model aim to promote in terms of intergroup relations?

Viewing different groups as part of a larger group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Dual Identity Model?

Acknowledges both subgroup and superordinate identities Signup and view all the answers

What does the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect refer to in social psychology?

Perception that outgroup members are all alike Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Intergroup Contact Theory?

To reduce prejudice through interactions with outgroup members Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance in the context of intergroup relations refers to which of the following?

The mental discomfort experienced when beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent Signup and view all the answers

According to Realistic Conflict Theory, prejudice arises primarily from:

Competition for limited resources Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism relates to the effectiveness of real-world intergroup contact?

Negative interactions can sometimes reinforce existing prejudices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a central component in understanding prejudice as identified in research?

Three components: Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive component of prejudice primarily associated with?

Stereotypes about a group Signup and view all the answers

Which measure assesses physiological responses related to prejudice?

Skin Conductance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of prejudice is characterized by negative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals?

Homophobia Signup and view all the answers

What role does social learning play in the development of prejudice?

It involves learning prejudices from influential figures. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach suggests that bringing groups into contact can reduce prejudice?

Common Ingroup Identity Model Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'outgroup homogeneity effect' refer to?

Believing outgroup members are all the same Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the reinforcement of prejudiced attitudes through external rewards and punishments?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by individuals simultaneously identifying with two distinct groups?

Dual Identity Model Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prejudice Definition

Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude toward a group of people solely based on their group membership.
It can be based on race, gender, or religion.

Measuring Prejudice

Association Task: Measures implicit bias (automatic associations).
Skin Conductance: Measures emotional responses.
Donations: Measures behavioral prejudice (how much money is donated).
Self-Report Questionnaires: Measures explicit bias (surveys on attitudes).

Three Components of Prejudice

Cognitive: Stereotypes—generalizations about a group assigning characteristics to all members.
- Example: Believing all members of a specific race are lazy.
Affective: Emotional responses towards a group (hatred, anger, contempt).
- Example: Feeling anger towards a group.
Behavioral: Acts of discrimination (unjustified negative actions).
- Example: Refusing to hire someone due to their ethnicity.

Common Types of Prejudices

Homophobia: Prejudice against LGBTQ+ individuals.
Transphobia: Prejudice against transgender individuals.
Sexism: Gender-based prejudice.
Racism: Race-based prejudice.
Antisemitism: Prejudice towards Jewish people.

Origins of Prejudice

Operant Conditioning: Prejudice is learned through rewards and punishments.
Social Learning: Learning from others (especially family and peers).
War and Conflict: Hostility and prejudice arise from intergroup conflicts.
Direct Experience: Personal negative encounters with a group foster prejudice.
Classical Conditioning: Negative experiences are associated with specific groups.
Media: Exposure to negative group stereotypes in media.
Genes: Evolutionary factors may predispose individuals to ingroup bias.

Social Categorization: Classifying people into groups based on shared characteristics (e.g., race, gender, age).
Ingroup: The group to which an individual belongs.
Outgroup: Groups to which an individual does not belong.
Social Identity Theory: People derive self-esteem from the groups they belong to. Prejudice arises when people favor their ingroup to boost their self-image.

Minimal Group Paradigm

Tajfel et al. (1971) demonstrated even meaningless group distinctions lead to ingroup favoritism and prejudice against outgroups.

Realistic Conflict Theory

Prejudice arises from competition for limited resources or goals (e.g., conflicts for prizes).
Cognitive Dissonance: Justifying prejudiced actions to reduce internal conflict ("they deserve it").

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

The tendency to perceive outgroup members as more similar to each other than they actually are.

Reducing Prejudice

Common Ingroup Identity Model: Encouraging people from different groups to see themselves as part of a larger, inclusive group.
Dual Identity Model: Acknowledges subgroup identities (e.g., ethnicity, gender) and broader group identities.
Intergroup Contact Theory: Interacting with outgroup members can reduce prejudice.

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Description

This quiz explores the definition, measurement, and components of prejudice. It examines cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects along with common types of prejudices. Test your knowledge on implicit and explicit biases and how they manifest in society.