Understanding Prejudice and Its Measures

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following measures is used to assess implicit bias?

Donations to charity measure

Skin conductance measures

Self-report questionnaires

Association task measure (correct)

What component of prejudice involves generalizations about a group that assign specific characteristics to them?

Behavioral Bias

Emotional Bias

Affective Bias

Cognitive Bias (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a common type of prejudice?

Sexism

Classism (correct)

Transphobia

Racism

What is the process by which individuals categorize themselves and others into different social groups called?

Social Categorization Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Identity Theory, where do individuals derive some of their self-esteem from?

Their group memberships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of behavioral measures of prejudice?

Donations to charity measure Signup and view all the answers

What type of prejudice specifically involves negative attitudes toward individuals as a result of their sexual orientation?

Homophobia Signup and view all the answers

What was the experimental approach used by Jane Elliot to demonstrate the effects of ingroup versus outgroup bias?

Categorizing based on eye color Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary finding of the Minimal Group Paradigm?

One small factor can create ingroups and promote bias against outgroups. Signup and view all the answers

According to the experiments conducted by Tajfel et al. (1971), what percentage of participants displayed favoritism towards their ingroup?

72.3% Signup and view all the answers

What factor was used in the Navarrete et al. (2012) experiment to create ingroups among psychology students?

Different coloured shirts Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive dissonance processes relate to prejudiced behavior?

They lead individuals to rationalize their prejudiced actions to restore congruence. Signup and view all the answers

What emotion did participants in the Navarrete et al. (2012) study learn to associate more quickly with outgroup members?

Fear Signup and view all the answers

What typically triggers hostility within ingroups according to the content?

Conflicting goals and competition over resources Signup and view all the answers

What was a key conclusion from the Berscheid et al. (1968) dissonance study regarding participant behavior?

Participants justified their levels of shock to align with their views of the confederate. Signup and view all the answers

What type of model does the Minimal Groups Paradigm represent?

A simple model rather than a comprehensive theory Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the well-being of both urban residents and rural-to-urban migrants in China?

A shared identity as Chinese alongside their subgroup identities Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that interactions between different groups can reduce prejudice?

Intergroup Contact Theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the Intergroup Contact Theory, what type of contact can aid in reducing prejudice?

Any form of interaction including virtual or imagined Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of positive stories about outgroups featuring African Americans in the study by Ramasubramanian?

They changed negative stereotypes into positive views. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suggested form of intergroup contact?

Silent observations Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from Maunder et al.'s 2019 study regarding contact with outgroup members?

Increasing contact generally leads to reduced prejudice. Signup and view all the answers

How do negative interactions influence ideas about groups according to the content?

They can increase prejudice more than positive interactions reduce it. Signup and view all the answers

What key idea is highlighted about intergroup contact in reducing prejudice?

Any form of contact can lead to generalizations about the whole group. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does observing a characteristic of a single group member have on perceptions of the entire group?

It can negatively bias feelings about the entire group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect primarily concerned with?

Perceiving outgroup members as being more similar to each other. Signup and view all the answers

In Quattrone & Jones' research, how did individuals predict the decisions of others from different colleges?

By considering the behavior of individual outgroup members. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence when an outgroup member is portrayed negatively?

It negatively impacts feelings towards the entire outgroup. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Common Ingroup Identity Model suggest for reducing prejudice?

Inducing members of different groups to perceive themselves as part of a united group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge of maintaining a superordinate identity, according to the Common Ingroup Identity Model?

It often faces resistance from group members. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dual Identity Model allow for in terms of subgroup identities?

It promotes simultaneous activation of both shared and subgroup identities. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ingroup bias' refer to in the context of prejudice reduction?

The tendency to favor one's own group over others. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prejudice Definition

Prejudice is an attitude
It's a hostile, negative attitude towards a specific group
Based solely on their membership in that group
It targets people due to their group affiliation

Prejudice Measures

Association Task Measure: Measures implicit bias
Skin conductance measures: Physiological measures
Donations to charity measure: Behavioral measures
Self-report questionnaires: Measure explicit bias

Components of Prejudice

Cognitive: Stereotypes are generalizations about a group, assigning specific characteristics. These are beliefs and schemas about how we think about that group (e.g., belief that someone is lazy)
Affective Bias: Emotional reactions to a group, (e.g., hate, feelings of contempt)
Behavioral: Acts of discrimination are unjustified, negative, or harmful behaviors towards a group member based on their group membership (e.g., refusing to hire someone based on their ethnicity)

Attitude Object

Individual members of a group

Common Types of Prejudices

Homophobia
Transphobia
Sexism
Racism
Antisemitism (Jewish religion)

Prejudices Come From

Operant conditioning
Social learning
War
Direct experience
Interpersonal conflict
Classical conditioning
Genes

The process of categorizing people and oneself into different social groups.
Two types:
- Ingroups
- Outgroups
Common categorizations include:
- Race
- Religion
- Social class
- Gender
- Sexuality
- Marital status

Individuals derive self-esteem from the groups they belong to
A person's sense of self is based on their group memberships
People need their group to view themselves positively

Categorisation that Causes Prejudices

Jane Elliot's experiment (blue eyes vs brown eyes) showed how categorization can lead to prejudice
Ingroup students changed their behavior, personalities, and improved academic performance

Minimal Groups Paradigm

Not a theory, but a model
Discovered that only minimal conditions are needed to foster prejudice between groups
Shows one tiny factor can be enough to create an ingroup and cause people to favor that group. This also leads to negative impacts and discrimination against those in the other group.

Minimal Group Experiment

Navarrete et al. (2012): Conditioned fear in ingroups and outgroups (different colored shirts) led to quicker fear responses toward outgroup members who administered electric shocks versus ingroup members.

Realistic Conflict Theory

Conflict between groups over resources and goals creates prejudice
Sherif & Sherif (1954) Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that competition over limited resources (e.g., prizes) leads to hostility between groups

Cognitive Dissonance

We justify our prejudiced behavior to feel congruent (consistent).
Berscheid et al. (1968) electric shock experiment- when people hurt outgroup members they justify the behavior to feel better about themselves

Individual to Group Generalisation

Observed characteristics of a single group member can lead to generalizations about the entire group.

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

We perceive individuals in an outgroup as more similar to each other than they actually are
Quattrone & Jones (1980)—research on outgroup homogeneity effect and generalizations (people assume all outgroup members are the same).
Puhl et al. (2013)—research on generalizations about obese people.

Common Ingroup Identity Model

A larger group identity can reduce prejudice
A larger groups identity can overshadow smaller ones, lessening prejudice between groups
Dovidio et al. (2009)—study suggesting limitations of the common ingroup identity model

Dual Identity Model

A larger identity encompasses smaller groups, reducing prejudice
The dual identity model activates both subgroup and shared identity simultaneously
Subgroup identity helps to understand the differences between groups and the shared identity allows for an understanding of the commonalities within the groups.

Reducing Prejudice- Generalisation With Counter Stereotypical Conditions

Ramasubramanian (2015)—Study on using counter-stereotypical examples to reduce prejudice

Intergroup Contact Theory

Interactions between individuals from different groups reduce prejudice.
Maunder et al. (2019) found contact with an outgroup reduces prejudice and generalizations, regardless of how it occurs (in-person, virtual, etc.)
Contact doesn't always have to be face-to-face, it can be vicarious

Criticism of Intergroup Contact

Experiments sometimes present an incomplete view of real-world intergroup contact, as relationships can be complex
Sometimes negative interactions increase prejudice more than positive interactions do.
Intergroup contact may not eliminate prejudice or tension between groups due to social norms.

Intergroup Contact Criticisms

Intergroup contact may have a "sedative effect" and potentially cause a lack of recognition of inequalities and injustice
This can decrease participation in collective action to address these issues.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of prejudice, including its definition, measures, and components. Understand the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of prejudice, and examine different ways to measure bias. Dive into various methods for assessing attitudes towards specific groups.