47 Questions
Individuals expressing a recessive trait are typically ___.
Homozygous recessive
If a trait shows up in every generation, it is likely to be ___.
Dominant
In a pedigree, males are more frequently affected by a sex-linked trait because they have___.
Only one X chromosome
What is the genotype of individuals with dimples according to the text?
Heterozygous (Dd)
When interpreting a pedigree, it's crucial to consider all possible ___ to narrow down possibilities.
Genotypes
What do squares represent in pedigree diagrams?
Males
How are mating pairs represented in a pedigree diagram?
By a horizontal line
What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?
Individuals expressing a trait
How can one differentiate between affected males and females in sex-linked traits on a pedigree diagram?
By special symbols or shading patterns
What can be deduced about a trait if it is expressed even if only one copy of the allele is present?
It is a dominant trait
What is the likely genotype of individuals expressing a recessive trait?
Homozygous recessive
Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked traits in pedigrees?
They have one X chromosome.
In a pedigree, how can carriers of a recessive trait be identified?
By not expressing the trait but having offspring that do
When interpreting a pedigree, what is essential to consider to narrow down genotype possibilities?
All possible genotypes
What is the likely genotype of individuals not expressing a dominant trait?
Homozygous recessive
Why do parents who do not express a recessive trait but have an affected child both must be carriers?
Due to being heterozygous
In a color-blindness pedigree, why are males more frequently affected by the trait?
Due to having only one X chromosome
What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?
Individuals expressing a particular trait
In pedigree diagrams, what do squares represent?
Males
How are mating pairs represented in a pedigree diagram?
By a vertical line leading downwards from a square to a circle
What is the significance of using squares and circles in pedigree diagrams?
To quickly identify the sex of individuals
If a trait is expressed only when two copies of the allele are present, it is likely to be ___?
Recessive
What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in pedigree diagrams?
Offspring
In sex-linked traits on pedigree diagrams, how are affected males represented?
With specific symbols or shading patterns
What can be deduced about a trait if it is expressed even if only one copy of the allele is present?
It is likely dominant
Which individuals do unshaded symbols represent in pedigree diagrams?
Those not expressing the trait
How can one differentiate between affected males and females in sex-linked traits on pedigree diagrams?
By using specific symbols or shading patterns for affected males and females
What can be inferred about a trait if it is only expressed in individuals with two copies of the allele present?
The trait is likely recessive.
Why do pedigree diagrams use shading to represent individuals with a particular trait?
To highlight affected individuals.
If a pedigree diagram shows a trait appearing in every generation, what type of inheritance pattern is most likely at play?
Autosomal dominant
In a pedigree diagram, how are affected females with a sex-linked trait typically represented?
With special symbols or shading patterns.
What does the presence of vertical lines leading downwards to other symbols indicate in a pedigree diagram?
The presence of a particular trait.
If a recessive trait is observed in an individual, what can be concluded about the parents?
Both parents are carriers of the trait.
What is the significance of using squares to represent males and circles to represent females in pedigree diagrams?
To identify the sex of individuals quickly.
How can one differentiate between affected and unaffected individuals in pedigree diagrams?
By examining symbols for shading.
What does it suggest if a trait is observed in multiple generations but skips some generations in a pedigree diagram?
The trait is likely recessive.
How can one determine if a specific trait on a pedigree diagram is sex-linked?
By analyzing the shading patterns on symbols.
If a trait shows up in every generation, what is the most likely genotype of the individuals expressing the trait?
Homozygous dominant
In a pedigree, how can homozygous recessive individuals for a dominant trait be identified?
By having affected offspring
When analyzing a pedigree, what is a likely genotype of individuals who do not express a recessive trait?
Carrier
In a pedigree diagram, what do unshaded symbols typically represent?
Individuals without the trait of interest
For a dominant trait, which genotype would individuals not expressing the trait most likely have?
Homozygous recessive
In a pedigree, how can carriers of a recessive trait be identified?
By not expressing the trait themselves
What is the possible genotype of individuals with dimples according to the text?
Heterozygous dominant
Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked traits in pedigrees?
Because they carry two copies of the X chromosome.
In a pedigree diagram, what do squares typically represent?
Affected males.
Why is it crucial to consider whether a trait is autosomal or sex-linked when interpreting a pedigree?
To determine if the trait is dominant or recessive.
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