Understanding Password Security Methods
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Questions and Answers

What type of attack is primarily facilitated by users creating passwords from dictionary words?

  • Hybrid attack
  • Mask attack
  • Dictionary attack (correct)
  • Brute force
  • Which attack method is recognized as the last resort in cracking a stolen password digest file?

  • Dictionary attack
  • Hybrid attack
  • Rule list attack
  • Brute force attack (correct)
  • Which of the following should definitely NOT be stored in a secure password database?

  • Plaintext password (correct)
  • Salt
  • Password digest
  • Iterations
  • Which type of password is driven by specific events and can be considered time-based?

    <p>TOTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows cryptographic proof that a user possesses a specific device model during authentication?

    <p>Attestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically considered a form of multi-factor authentication (MFA) using a smartphone?

    <p>Password strength meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about dictionary attacks is true?

    <p>They exploit the use of common words in user passwords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attack method is explicitly designed to use a fixed format for generating password guesses?

    <p>Mask attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary technique behind dictionary attacks?

    <p>They primarily rely on a list of preselected words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a password that should make it unfit for storage in a secure password database?

    <p>It is plaintext.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing various password attack strategies, which method is primarily used as a fallback when others fail?

    <p>Brute force attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for establishing the uniqueness of a hashed password in a database?

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one-time password mechanism is designed to generate codes based on events occurring?

    <p>HOTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of authentication is characterized by the cryptographic proof of device ownership?

    <p>Attestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can undermine multi-factor authentication security on a smartphone?

    <p>Implementing SMS text messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attack does NOT benefit from utilizing pregenerated rules for accelerating password cracking?

    <p>Brute force attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is constantly critical when devising secure password hashes?

    <p>Incorporating unique salts for each user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding hybrid attacks is inaccurate?

    <p>They are the fastest among all cracking methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential weakness of RSA is highlighted by the increasing power of computers?

    <p>The security of RSA is based on the difficulty of factoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symmetric cryptographic algorithm is currently considered the strongest?

    <p>Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Bob wants to send a secure message to Alice via asymmetric encryption, which key should he use for encryption?

    <p>Alice’s public key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which verification ability is NOT provided by a digital signature?

    <p>Ensure the identity of the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding RSA's method of producing a digest is accurate?

    <p>RSA does not produce a digest like a hash function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is recognized as a method for quickly sharing cyberthreat indicators?

    <p>Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protocols is specifically designed for exchanging cyberthreat intelligence over HTTPS?

    <p>TAXII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key challenges associated with private information sharing centers?

    <p>Limited access to data and restricted participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a drawback of threat maps?

    <p>Many maps show historical attack data instead of real-time metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fictitious application protocol related to cyberthreat intelligence?

    <p>AIP-TAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following responses addresses challenges related to data sharing during cyber threat intelligence exchanges?

    <p>Time lags in reporting and accessibility for external partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Structured Threat Information Expression (STIX)?

    <p>STIX is a language used to represent threat information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major inaccuracies of threat maps?

    <p>The locations of threat actors are often misrepresented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When monitoring the dark web, what is a primary reason Luca faced difficulty in finding information?

    <p>Search methods on the dark web differ significantly from the regular web.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the advancements of UEFI over BIOS?

    <p>It ensures stronger boot security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Measured Boot security mode?

    <p>To log information about the boot process for remote assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT viewed as an improvement in OS security configurations?

    <p>Restricting patch management practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do dark web search engines differ from regular search engines?

    <p>They typically require specialized browsers like Tor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of UEFI is unrelated to USB 3.0 support?

    <p>Ensuring backward compatibility with earlier USB standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which boot security mode focuses on validating the integrity of boot components?

    <p>Trusted Boot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception might users have about threat maps?

    <p>They show precise attacker locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a basic security protection that cryptography can provide?

    <p>Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hash algorithm produces the longest and most secure digest?

    <p>SHA3-512</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a symmetric cryptographic algorithm?

    <p>SHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item is not intended to be decrypted and is used solely for comparison?

    <p>Digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is NOT a characteristic of a secure hash algorithm?

    <p>Collisions should occur no more than 15 percent of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which algorithm is known to have vulnerabilities and is considered insecure?

    <p>MD5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cryptographic algorithm has a key length limitation that reduces its security?

    <p>DES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is intended for secure data integrity verification but not for decryption?

    <p>Hash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which algorithm is primarily used for data verification rather than encryption?

    <p>SHA-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term accurately refers to vulnerabilities within a cryptographic algorithm?

    <p>Weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is used to ensure that a user cannot deny performing a specific action?

    <p>Nonrepudiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does steganography primarily achieve?

    <p>Hiding the existence of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ciphers involves rotating the alphabet by a fixed number of steps?

    <p>ROT13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about 'security through obscurity'?

    <p>It cannot provide complete security assurance to the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate definition of encryption?

    <p>Making data obscure and unreadable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext?

    <p>Decryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using cryptography in communication?

    <p>To protect against unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cipher is described as a binary operation comparing two bits?

    <p>XOR cipher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT typically a function of cryptographic algorithms?

    <p>Data compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to making something obscure or unclear?

    <p>Obfuscation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attacks is recognized as the slowest but most exhaustive method for password cracking?

    <p>Brute force attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used for multifactor authentication (MFA) on a smartphone?

    <p>Biometric gait analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic should definitely NOT be included in a secure password database?

    <p>Plaintext password</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which human trait is NOT employed for biometric identification purposes?

    <p>Height measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attacks is not reliant on pregenerated rules for cracking passwords?

    <p>Brute force attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about threat maps is accurate?

    <p>They can illustrate cyberthreats on a geographical area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes dark web search engines from regular search engines?

    <p>They require special software to access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a feature of UEFI compared to BIOS?

    <p>Support for USB 3.0 peripherals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which boot security mode does not validate the boot process?

    <p>UEFI Native Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OS security configuration should not be considered essential?

    <p>Regularly reviewing system logs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Measured Boot enhances system security?

    <p>It logs the boot process for external evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following challenges is unique to searching the dark web?

    <p>Merchants frequently change their sites without notice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does PowerShell provide to attackers in terms of executing commands?

    <p>It enables code execution without leaving evidence on the hard disk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately differentiates DoS and DDoS attacks?

    <p>DoS attacks involve fewer sources than DDoS attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about VBA is NOT true?

    <p>VBA is currently being phased out in favor of PowerShell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized defense against macros in Microsoft products?

    <p>Trusted domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement regarding the execution of commands using PowerShell?

    <p>PowerShell can execute code injection directly into other processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do DoS attacks significantly differ from DDoS attacks?

    <p>DoS attacks are usually initiated from a single machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of VBA within Microsoft applications?

    <p>To automate repetitive tasks through macros.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options describes an incorrect perception about macro security features?

    <p>Macro settings are entirely configurable without limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of DDoS attacks compared to DoS attacks?

    <p>They involve vastly more computing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology should Ilya recommend for an open source federation framework that supports authorization protocols?

    <p>OAuth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using key stretching in password security?

    <p>It uses highly complex algorithms that slow down processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding common reasons users create weak passwords?

    <p>Regularly changing passwords can complicate their use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates key stretching from other password security methods?

    <p>Involves the application of multiple hashes to a password.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a password cracker primarily rely on to succeed in its function?

    <p>The speed of the hashing algorithm used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the use of salts enhance password security?

    <p>They introduce randomness to password hashes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it risky to create passwords based primarily on personal information?

    <p>They can easily be guessed by automated software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason behind the ineffectiveness of NTLM compared to modern authentication methods?

    <p>It relies on outdated hashing algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the length and complexity of strong passwords?

    <p>They give complete assurance against all attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In password management, which element is crucial for achieving a balance between security and user convenience?

    <p>Regularly educating users about password security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a high-interaction honeypot?

    <p>To capture detailed information from threat actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DDoS mitigation strategy reroutes traffic to prevent attacks?

    <p>DNS sinkhole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monitoring approach analyzes statistical anomalies against a baseline?

    <p>Anomaly monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What knowledge does a high-interaction honeypot provide about threat actors?

    <p>Insight into attackers' methods and tools used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a DNS sinkhole from other mitigation methods?

    <p>It reroutes malicious DNS queries to a specific location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is behavioral monitoring considered an adaptive approach?

    <p>It modifies monitoring parameters based on current usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a goal of high-interaction honeypots?

    <p>To minimize the risk of data exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of solely relying on signature-based monitoring?

    <p>It only detects known threats, missing new ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes interactions designed to draw insights from attackers?

    <p>Cyber deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DDoS mitigation, what does a sinkhole primarily enable?

    <p>Isolation of attack vectors from legitimate traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of a cybersecurity threat map?

    <p>It illustrates cyberthreats overlaid on a geographical representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the dark web that differentiates it from the regular web?

    <p>Accessing the dark web requires specialized tools like Tor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a recognized enhancement of UEFI compared to BIOS?

    <p>Reliance on legacy hardware.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which boot security mode is responsible for sending boot process information to a remote server?

    <p>Measured Boot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is NOT considered an essential OS security configuration?

    <p>Restricting patch management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what significant way do dark web search engines differ from standard search engines?

    <p>Dark web search engines index information less frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the limitations of USB 3.0 in relation to UEFI is correct?

    <p>USB 3.0 can function independently of UEFI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following security measures is typically ensured through Secure Boot?

    <p>Validation of the operating system's integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that hides the existence of information in files like images or audio?

    <p>Steganography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability to prevent a user from fraudulently denying an action they have taken?

    <p>Nonrepudiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cipher rotates the entire alphabet 13 steps?

    <p>ROT13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about 'security through obscurity' is FALSE?

    <p>It can provide extensive protection against threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of integrity in cryptography?

    <p>Ensuring the original content remains unaltered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does decryption differ from encryption?

    <p>It makes data readable from an unreadable format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes making data obscure or unclear within cryptographic processes?

    <p>Obfuscation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a cipher that employs a fixed rotation of letters categorized?

    <p>Substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a host intrusion prevention system (HIPS)?

    <p>To monitor endpoint activity and block malicious attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature does Windows 10 Tamper Protection offer concerning the registry?

    <p>It restricts access to modifying the registry by unauthorized users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is incorrect regarding session cookies?

    <p>They are stored on the hard drive for a long time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is NOT performed by a host intrusion detection system (HIDS)?

    <p>Blocking unauthorized activities on an endpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a secure cookie ensure during transmission?

    <p>It is only sent over secure HTTP connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a feature of a quarantine process?

    <p>It isolates suspicious files from the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT true regarding the characteristics of Tamper Protection?

    <p>It allows registry updates without user notification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of using secure cookies?

    <p>To secure cookie transmission against interception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS)?

    <p>Distribution of cyberthreat indicators through computer-to-computer communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application protocol allows for the exchange of cyberthreat intelligence over HTTPS?

    <p>Trusted Automated Exchange of Intelligence Information (TAXII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two limitations of private information sharing centers?

    <p>Access to data and participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding threat maps?

    <p>They provide identifiable information about the attackers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Structured Threat Information Expression (STIX)?

    <p>To provide a format for representing threat intelligence data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately identifies a characteristic of TAXII?

    <p>It is an application protocol for sharing threat intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does not represent a limitation of private information sharing centers?

    <p>Widespread participation from all organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attack forces a system to abandon a higher cryptographic security mode for a weaker one?

    <p>Downgrade attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option outlines a significant characteristic of threat maps?

    <p>They often misrepresent recent data as current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as a collision in cryptography?

    <p>Two files produce the same digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM)?

    <p>Easily transported to another computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device provides external cryptographic services?

    <p>Hardware Security Module (HSM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attack method specifically intercepts communications between a web browser and the OS?

    <p>Man-in-the-browser (MITB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cryptographic hashes, what characterizes a collision attack?

    <p>Finding two input strings that produce the same output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Hashing Algorithm NOT account for in its process?

    <p>Encrypting data for confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using a TPM over other cryptographic services?

    <p>Limited to specific hardware configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes cognitive biometrics easier for users to remember?

    <p>It relies on the user's life experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a function of single sign-on (SSO)?

    <p>It allows access with one credential for several accounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of biometric readers?

    <p>They can be very expensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method effectively reduces the time needed to crack a password?

    <p>Employing a mask format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is specific to a device model during the manufacturing of a security key?

    <p>Attestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valid aspect of behavioral biometrics?

    <p>It can be easily memorized by users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of knowledge-based authentication?

    <p>It is based on personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a feature that is generally absent for biometric readers?

    <p>Standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dictionary Attacks

    • Dictionary attacks use common passwords, often from dictionaries, to crack passwords.
    • This method exploits users' tendency to choose weak passwords from easily guessed words, making them successful.
    • Dictionary attacks pre-generate lists of common words from dictionaries, making them faster to process.
    • These attacks can be successful because users often choose weak or easily guessed passwords.

    Password Cracking Attacks

    • Brute-force attack: A last-resort, exhaustive attempt to crack a password digest file that tries every possible combination.
    • Hybrid, Mask, Rule list attacks: These are not last-resort methods for password cracking.
    • Password Spraying attack: Uses one or a few common passwords to try log-ins to various accounts.

    Secure Password Databases

    • Do not store plaintext passwords: Store passwords as securely hashed digests (e.g., using bcrypt or Argon2).
    • Store iterations, salt: These are crucial components of a secure password hashing scheme, increasing the security and time needed for cracking.
    • Store the password digest, iterations, and salt in the database.
    • Do not expose sensitive data elements: Instead of storing a clear-text representation of user data (e.g., name or Social Security number), use obfuscation or masking methods to protect sensitive information.
    • Use tokenization to store sensitive data elements, like account numbers, as randomized strings. Store these tokens in a secure, centralized repository called a token vault.
    • Store salt values within the database for password storage.

    Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

    • MFA on smartphones: Authentication apps, SMS, or automated calls are different MFA methods, using a smartphone.
    • Biometric gait analysis: A method of biometrics used for MFA, relying on unique walking patterns.
    • Cognitive biometrics: Biometrics that considers the user's perception, thought processes, and understanding for authentication
    • Biometric gait analysis & Cognitive biometrics are forms of MFA.

    Security Keys

    • Attestation: A security key feature providing cryptographic proof of device authenticity; a "burned-in" key pair specific to the device model demonstrating authenticity.

    One-Time Passwords (OTPs)

    • HOTP (HMAC-based OTP): An event-driven OTP that generates a unique code when an event occurs (like PIN entry).
    • TOTP (Time-based OTP): A time-based OTP that changes after a pre-set time interval.
    • BPDU Guard: A feature that detects when a BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is received from an endpoint and protects the network from various attacks.

    Firewall Rules

    • Firewall rule parameter: "Visibility" is not a firewall rule parameter.

    • Firewall rule action: "Force Allow" implicitly denies all other traffic unless explicitly allowed.

    • Generic firewall rules: A policy-based firewall allows more generic rules instead of creating individually specific rules.

    Virtual Firewalls

    • A virtual firewall runs in the cloud.

    Network Hardware Security Module (HSM)

    • A Hardware Security Module (HSM) is external to the device and provides broad security by combining functions.

    Load Balancers

    • Load balancers use various features, including: IP address of destination packet, information within a packet, and round-robin distribution

    Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS)

    • An Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) monitors device activity for malicious activity.

    • IDS/IPS functionality: An IPS immediately reacts to block malicious attacks, such as attempts to control other programs, terminate programs, or install devices/drivers.

    Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDOS)

    • A DNS Sinkhole detects and redirects DDoS traffic to a designated server, protecting other servers.

    Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)

    • SAML allows secure web domains to exchange user authentication and authorization information, eliminating the need for separate login credentials on each system.

    Operational Technology (OT)

    • OT attacks target endpoints that can be programmed and have IP addresses.

    Authentication Protocols

    • Multiple authentication methods: Systems such as Somewhere you are, Something you exhibit and Something you can do can provide authentication, while Something you can find is not.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various password security techniques, including dictionary attacks, brute-force methods, and multi-factor authentication. Learn the importance of secure password storage and the role of security keys in enhancing security. Test your knowledge on current best practices for protecting passwords.

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