Understanding Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns:
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London, Google)
- Common nouns: general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team, flock)
- Abstract nouns: ideas or feelings (e.g. happiness, freedom, love)
Verbs:
- Action verbs: express action or doing (e.g. run, jump, read)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives:
- Modify nouns or pronouns (e.g. big, happy, blue)
- Comparative and superlative forms (e.g. bigger, biggest; happier, happiest)
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very, well)
- Comparative and superlative forms (e.g. quicker, quickest; more quickly, most quickly)
Pronouns:
- Replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. he, she, it, they)
- Personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, me, him)
- Possessive pronouns (e.g. mine, yours, his, hers)
Prepositions:
- Show relationship between words (e.g. in, on, at, with)
Conjunctions:
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, or, so)
Interjections:
- Express emotion or feeling (e.g. oh, wow, ouch, ah)

Simple sentences:
- One independent clause (e.g. I like coffee.)
Compound sentences:
- Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g. I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.)
Complex sentences:
- One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g. Because I like coffee, I drink it every morning.)
Clauses:
- Independent clauses: complete thought with a subject and verb
- Dependent clauses: incomplete thought with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone

Present tense:
- Action happens now (e.g. I am writing, she is studying)
Past tense:
- Action happened in the past (e.g. I wrote, she studied)
Future tense:
- Action will happen in the future (e.g. I will write, she will study)
Continuous tenses:
- Emphasize the ongoing nature of the action (e.g. I am writing, she was studying, I will be writing)
Perfect tenses:
- Emphasize the completion of the action (e.g. I have written, she had studied, I will have written)

Active and passive voice:
- Active voice: subject performs the action (e.g. I threw the ball.)
- Passive voice: subject receives the action (e.g. The ball was thrown by me.)
Modal verbs:
- Express possibility, necessity, or obligation (e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would)
Conditional sentences:
- Express hypothetical or uncertain situations (e.g. If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.)

Nouns:
- Classified into four types: proper, common, collective, and abstract nouns
- Examples: John (proper), dog (common), family (collective), happiness (abstract)
Verbs:
- Classified into three types: action, linking, and helping verbs
- Examples: run (action), be (linking), will (helping)
Adjectives:
- Modify nouns or pronouns
- Have comparative and superlative forms
- Examples: big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative)
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Have comparative and superlative forms
- Examples: quickly (manner), very (degree), well (manner)
Pronouns:
- Replace nouns in a sentence
- Classified into personal and possessive pronouns
- Examples: he (personal), mine (possessive)
Prepositions:
- Show relationship between words
- Examples: in, on, at, with
Conjunctions:
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Examples: and, but, or, so
Interjections:
- Express emotion or feeling
- Examples: oh, wow, ouch, ah

Simple sentences:
- One independent clause
- Examples: I like coffee.
Compound sentences:
- Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Examples: I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.
Complex sentences:
- One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Examples: Because I like coffee, I drink it every morning.
Clauses:
- Independent clauses: complete thought with a subject and verb
- Dependent clauses: incomplete thought with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone

Present tense:
- Action happens now
- Examples: I am writing, she is studying
Past tense:
- Action happened in the past
- Examples: I wrote, she studied
Future tense:
- Action will happen in the future
- Examples: I will write, she will study
Continuous tenses:
- Emphasize the ongoing nature of the action
- Examples: I am writing, she was studying, I will be writing
Perfect tenses:
- Emphasize the completion of the action
- Examples: I have written, she had studied, I will have written

Active and passive voice:
- Active voice: subject performs the action
- Passive voice: subject receives the action
- Examples: I threw the ball (active), The ball was thrown by me (passive)
Modal verbs:
- Express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Examples: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would
Conditional sentences:
- Express hypothetical or uncertain situations
- Examples: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.