Understanding Obesity: A Metabolic Disorder

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What is the core feature of obesity?

Chronic energy imbalance

How does chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity affect metabolic health?

It can lead to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.

What are the factors that can influence susceptibility to obesity?

Genetic predisposition, environmental factors

Name two obesity-related complications other than type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Certain cancers, musculoskeletal disorders Signup and view all the answers

What are some lifestyle modifications used in managing obesity?

Dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

How do excess FFAs contribute to inflammation in adipocytes and macrophages?

By activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes, triggering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

What role do adipokines like adiponectin and leptin play in obesity-related inflammation?

They modulate insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

How does dysregulated lipid metabolism in obesity lead to ectopic lipid deposition?

In non-adipose tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does intracellular lipid accumulation have on insulin signaling pathways in target tissues?

It impairs glucose uptake and utilization. Signup and view all the answers

How does lipid-induced inflammation in the liver affect insulin action?

It disrupts insulin action, promotes gluconeogenesis, and hepatic glucose output. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in obesity that activate inflammatory signaling pathways?

TNF-alpha and IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive lipid accumulation in the liver due to obesity?

Hepatic steatosis, NAFLD, and NASH Signup and view all the answers

How does lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle affect glucose uptake?

Impairs glucose uptake and utilization Signup and view all the answers

Which adipokines are mentioned to antagonize insulin action in obesity?

Leptin and resistin Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity contribute to dysregulated appetite regulation and energy balance?

By developing resistance to leptin and adiponectin Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of obesity-related complications?

Metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity contribute to hepatic steatosis?

Excessive FFAs and impaired fatty acid oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of intramyocellular lipids on insulin signaling pathways?

Interference with insulin signaling pathways Signup and view all the answers

How does lipid accumulation in beta cells contribute to impaired insulin secretion?

Disruption of beta-cell function and insulin granule exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What role does adipose tissue inflammation play in systemic insulin resistance?

Disrupts insulin signaling pathways Signup and view all the answers