37 Questions
What are the two commonly used outcome tools for measuring the impact of pain?
McGill Pain questionnaire and the National Initiative on Pain Controls quality of Life Scale
What is considered as a shortcoming of the assessment tools for measuring the impact of pain?
Imprecise nature of numeric pain rating scales and interchangeable qualitative adjectives
What contributes to an undertreatment of pain and indirectly devalues and excludes patients within society?
Being stereotyped and considered difficult or drug seeking
What may improve pain outcomes according to the text?
Strong therapeutic alliance with agreement on the goals of treatment
What are the differences between Aδ and C fibers?
A delta - larger, C - smaller in diameter, A delta = faster, impulses transferred faster
What are the modes of nociception?
Mechanical, chemical, thermal —the kind of data we are receiving
What is the relationship between non-nociceptive receptors and nociception?
They encode for different sensations compared to nociceptors.
Explain the roles of the following receptors: 1. Mechanical nociceptors 2. Thermal nociceptors 3. Chemical nociceptors 4. Polymodal Nociceptors
They detect mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli respectively.
What is the definition of nociceptive pain?
Pain arising from actual or threatened damage to tissues, mediated by nociceptors
Which of the following best describes nociplastic pain?
Pain arising from altered nociception, involving changes in the nervous system
What type of pain originates from diabetic neuropathy or factors such as sleep, mood, and memory?
Nociplastic pain
What does a nociceptor do?
Creates action potentials after stimulation by noxious stimuli
Which of the following is a characteristic of pain?
Protective, anxiety, and subjective
What is the term for pain arising from muscle strain or deep muscle laceration?
Nociceptive pain
What is the primary neural process of encoding a noxious stimulus?
Nociception
Which type of pain arises from altered nociception without evidence of tissue damage?
Nociplastic
What are the primary categories of pain mentioned in the text?
Nociceptive, Neuropathic, Nociplastic
According to the text, what is the bond between a therapist and patient in pain management built on?
Trust and Empathy
Which model includes the understanding that pain has biological, psychological, and social components?
Biopsychosocial model
Which type of pain arises from actual or threatened damage to tissue due to activation of nociceptors?
Nociceptive
What are nociceptors according to the text?
High threshold sensory receptors
What is the protective mechanism that can be modulated by internal processes of the body according to the text?
Pain perception
What is the subjective experience not always directly related to according to the text?
Tissue damage.
What type of stimuli can activate nociception according to the text?
Chemical stimuli.
According to the text, what is caused by injury or disruption of the somatic neural system?
Neuropathic pain.
What is the process of encoding a noxious stimulus into the central nervous system (CNS) called?
Nociception
Which step of the nociception process occurs when terminal nerve fibers are depolarized by a receptor in response to a stimulus?
Transduction
What are high threshold unspecialized sensory receptors associated with A-delta and C fibers known as?
Nociceptors
Which type of stimuli can activate nociceptors?
Mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli
Where are nociceptors found?
In the skin, muscles, joints, organs, and blood vessels
Which type of nociceptors become sensitive to noxious stimuli following injury and inflammation?
Mechano-insensitive nociceptors
What are primary nociceptors responsible for innervating?
The skin, muscles, and joints
Which step in nociceptive modulation can lead to changes in the sensitivity of receptors?
'Nociceptive modulation'
What is the output of the CNS when certain requirements are met in the presence of pain?
'Pain' experience
What are A-delta and C fibers thought to carry to the central nervous system?
Noxious stimulus information
When does pain occur in the nociception process?
During perception stage
Which part of the nervous system does nociception involve?
Both CNS and PNS
Study Notes
- Nociception is the process of encoding a noxious stimulus into the central nervous system (CNS).
- Nociception involves both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS.
- Nociception doesn't always result in pain experience, even when noxious stimuli are present.
- Pain is an output of the CNS, only when certain requirements are met.
- Nociception process involves five steps: transduction, conduction, transmission, modulation, and perception.
- Transduction is the beginning of the nociception process, it occurs when terminal nerve fibers are depolarized by a receptor in response to a stimulus.
- Nociceptors are high threshold unspecialized sensory receptors or "free" nerve endings associated with A-delta and C fibers.
- Free nerve endings are characteristic of nociceptors and have a higher threshold for activation than non-noxious receptors.
- A-delta and C fibers are thought to carry noxious stimulus information to the CNS.
- There are different types of specialized sensory receptors, each with unique properties for transmitting information from the periphery to the CNS.
- Nociceptive modulation can occur peripherally, where specialized receptors produce antinociceptive effects, inhibiting or decreasing noxious AP.
- Nociceptors can be activated by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli, and can be polymodal, responding to more than one type of stimulus.
- Nociceptors can be mechano-sensitive or mechano-insensitive, with mechano-insensitive nociceptors becoming sensitive to noxious stimuli following injury and inflammation.
- Nociceptors are found in various body structures, including somatic tissue (skin, muscles, joints) and visceral structures (organs and blood vessels).
- Primary nociceptors are those that innervate the skin, with a greater quantity of receptors sensitive to mechanical stimulus.
- Nociceptive modulation can lead to changes in the sensitivity of receptors, resulting in mechanical sensitivity and conditions such as tactile allodynia.
Test your knowledge on the process of nociception and pain perception, including the involvement of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), transduction, conduction, and central mechanisms of nociception control.
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