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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes tectonic earthquakes?
Which effect is NOT typically associated with earthquakes?
What factors contribute to the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of earthquake based on its cause?
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Which human activity is known to trigger landslides?
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What is a common effect of both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?
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What occurs during collapse earthquakes?
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Which geographical phenomenon is typically related to tectonic earthquakes?
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What effects do monsoons typically have on the weather?
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What are some approaches to mitigate the effects of coastal erosion?
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Which statement accurately describes tornadoes?
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What is a common consequence of saltwater intrusion?
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Which practice is recommended to prepare for hydrometeorological hazards?
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What is one of the main effects of subsidence on infrastructure?
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How does liquefaction affect buildings during an earthquake?
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What triggers a tsunami?
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What is tephra?
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What can lahars primarily cause?
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Which volcanic product is likely to disrupt air travel?
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What is a potential factor that can trigger a lahar?
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What is one consequence of ashfall from tephra?
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What is a significant consequence of surface rupture during an earthquake?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of human-induced earthquakes?
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What factor influences the intensity of ground shaking during an earthquake?
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Which earthquake outcome is described as the sinking or settling of the ground surface?
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What can be a potential impact of ground shaking on structures?
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What is typically visible on the Earth's surface as a result of surface rupture?
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What is an essential practice to minimize damage from ground shaking?
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Which earthquake is possibly linked to geothermal energy extraction?
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What are the primary dangers associated with pyroclastic flows?
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Which volcanic hazard can create new landforms?
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What is one major cause of landslides?
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How can early warning systems help mitigate the effects of pyroclastic flows?
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Which of the following strategies can help in planning for earthquake hazards?
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What should be included in an emergency kit for coping with earthquake hazards?
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What is a recommended way to prevent landslides?
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What element is crucial for the formation of tropical cyclones?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Natural Hazards
- Natural hazards are processes that can cause property damage, injuries, or fatalities.
- Classified into geological (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides), hydrometeorological (tropical cyclones, floods), and coastal hazards (erosion, saltwater intrusion).
- Understanding these hazards aids in preparation and mitigation strategies.
Earthquakes: Causes and Effects
- Earthquakes result from tectonic plate movements; impacts include surface rupture, ground shaking, subsidence, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
- Types of earthquakes:
- Tectonic Earthquakes: Most common, e.g., the 1990 Luzon earthquake linked to the Digdig Fault.
- Volcanic Earthquakes: Triggered by magma movement, e.g., the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption.
- Collapse Earthquakes: Result from underground voids, e.g., the 2012 Negros Oriental earthquake.
- Human-Induced Earthquakes: Linked to activities like mining and fracking, e.g., the 2017 Leyte earthquake.
Earthquake Outcomes
- Surface Rupture: Ground breaks along fault lines causing physical damage; illustrated by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
- Ground Shaking: Seismic waves causing collapses, especially in poorly constructed buildings; notable example is the 1994 Northridge earthquake.
- Subsidence: Ground settling from structures or underground voids; significant in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.
- Liquefaction: Saturated soils losing strength during shaking, causing buildings to sink; seen in the 1964 Niigata earthquake.
- Tsunami: Generated by underwater earthquakes, capable of extensive flooding; e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
Volcanic Eruptions: Causes and Effects
- Occur when magma surfaces, creating hazards like tephra, lahars, pyroclastic flows, and lava flows.
- Tephra: Solid material from eruptions affecting air quality and agriculture; significant ashfall noted during the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.
- Lahar: Rapid mudflows of volcanic debris, e.g., the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption.
- Pyroclastic Flow: Fast-moving and extremely hot; e.g., the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée.
- Lava Flow: Slow-moving molten rock, destructive to infrastructure; observed in the 2018 Kilauea eruption.
Landslides: Causes and Effects
- Involves movement of rock or soil due to triggers like erosion, groundwater shifts, or seismic activity.
- Human activities such as deforestation can exacerbate landslide risks.
- Identifying hazardous areas through maps aids in disaster planning and management.
Coping with Geological Hazards
- For earthquakes: practice drills, prepare emergency kits, secure household items.
- For volcanic eruptions: plan evacuation routes, stay updated on volcanic activities, use protective gear during ashfall.
- For landslides: avoid building near slopes, use vegetation for erosion control, construct supportive structures.
Hydrometeorological Hazards
- Tropical Cyclones: Characterized by heat, low pressure, and heavy rains, leading to severe weather impacts.
- Monsoons: Seasonal winds causing heavy rainfall; distinct patterns in the Amihan (cool) and Habagat (wet) seasons.
- Tornadoes and Waterspouts: Violent winds causing severe destruction; capable of rapid formation and high wind speeds.
Coastal Hazards
- Coastal Erosion: Sediment movement caused by natural forces; leads to loss of coastal land and infrastructure.
- Submersion: Coastal areas submerging from rising sea levels; disrupts communities and ecosystems.
- Saltwater Intrusion: Seawater encroaching freshwater aquifers; threatens drinking water supplies.
Mitigation Strategies for Coastal Hazards
- Avoiding coastal construction, utilizing beach nourishment, and protecting shorelines with vegetation and engineered structures.
Conclusion
- Awareness and preparedness are vital for combating natural hazards.
- Proactive measures and community planning can significantly reduce risk and impact.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of natural hazards and their potential impact on society. It covers various types of hazards, including geological events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and their associated effects on life and property. The goal is to enhance understanding and preparedness for these natural threats.