Understanding Motor Control

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately reflects the role of sensory receptors in motor control?

  • They primarily function to inhibit reflexes to allow for more complex voluntary movements.
  • They gather information from the environment and the body, influencing motor actions. (correct)
  • They provide the initial 'blueprint' for movement, which is then executed without modification.
  • They initiate motor commands directly, bypassing the need for central processing.

Which of the following components of motor control involves the harmonious interaction of multiple muscles to produce coordinated movement?

  • Adaptability
  • Volition
  • Coordination (correct)
  • Proprioception

What role does the association cortex play in the hierarchy of motor control?

  • Orchestrating voluntary movement.
  • Crafting purpose and sequence of movements. (correct)
  • Guiding rhythm and posture.
  • Executing primitive motor patterns.

The size principle states that motor units are recruited in order based on what?

<p>Motor neuron size, from smallest to largest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gamma motor neurons?

<p>To adjust intrafusal fibers, maintaining spindle sensitivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the spinal cord in motor control?

<p>It executes primitive motor patterns and acts as a relay station. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Group Ia and Group II afferent fibers in muscle spindles?

<p>Group Ia fibers respond to dynamic stretch, while Group II fibers encode steady length, not velocity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control?

<p>They shape movement via thalamic pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'final common pathway' in motor control?

<p>Alpha motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?

<p>To measure muscle force and protect against overload. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the motor cortex in the hierarchy of control?

<p>Orchestrates voluntary movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory input is the foundation for motor control. What is the consequence of lacking sensation?

<p>Lack of precision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a muscle contraction, what happens to the muscle spindle if there is no gamma motor neuron input?

<p>The spindle goes slack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT part of the definition of motor control?

<p>Translation of energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of lower motor neuron disorders?

<p>Weakness, atrophy, hypotonia, hyporeflexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proprioception is an essential component of motor control. What does it refer to?

<p>An inner sight if limb and length, informed by sensors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a muscle unit consist of?

<p>One alpha neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rate coding is one mechanism of muscle contraction. What does it refer to?

<p>The firing rate of active motor units rising (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are motor units recruited?

<p>In order of motor neuron size, from small to large (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between fused and unfused tetanus?

<p>Fused tetanus stimuli are at ~45 Hz and produce maximum smooth force, while Unfused tetanus are at ~100 Hz with relaxation fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional consequence of the 'all or none' principle in the context of motor units?

<p>All muscle fibers within a motor unit contract maximally or not at all. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) affect motor unit function, leading to muscle weakness?

<p>ALS causes motor neurons to degenerate, weakening muscle control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Type I (slow-twitch) motor units advantageous for endurance activities like long-distance running?

<p>They generate low force and are highly fatigue-resistant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the motor unit composition change to perform a 1 rep max lift, according to the size principle?

<p>All motor units, including large, fast-fatigable ones, are eventually recruited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During voluntary movements, how are muscles primarily stimulated, with respect to twitch, unfused tetanus and fused tetanus?

<p>Muscles are stimulated to achieve unfused tetanus for sustained contractions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with reduced Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) function due to Peripheral Neuropathy?

<p>Inability to detect excessive force, risking injury and uncoordinated movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the roles of intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers?

<p>Intrafusal fibers detect stretch; extrafusal fibers generate muscle force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the absence of alpha-gamma coactivation?

<p>Muscle spindles go slack during contraction, reducing stretch sensitivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a motor unit from a single muscle fiber?

<p>A motor unit is one alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the progression of motor unit recruitment during a gradual increase in muscle force, according to the size principle?

<p>Smaller, slower motor units are recruited first, followed by larger, faster units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone is experiencing difficulty controlling the amount of force they exert and is having uncoordinated movements, which sensory organ may be impaired?

<p>Golgi Tendon Organ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT occur as we age concerning the three motor unit types?

<p>Increase in Type I motor units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the spinal cord do alpha motor neurons project from?

<p>Ventral Side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a long-distance runner's Type I muscle fibers started behaving like Type IIx muscle fibers?

<p>The runner's muscles would fatigue much faster. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if Peripheral Neuropathy affects the Golgi Tendon Organ?

<p>The GTO can no longer detect changes in muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fibers are responsible for generating actual muscle force?

<p>Extrafusal Fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is alpha-gamma coactivation important?

<p>It keeps the spindles taut, allowing the muscle to maintain stretch sensitivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus might cause a muscle to demonstrate unfused tetanus?

<p>Repeated stimuli with a short relaxation phase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the spinal cord do sensory neurons project from?

<p>Dorsal Side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of ALS concerning a motor unit?

<p>Motor Neuron Decays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Volition

The mind's intent flowing into muscular deed.

Coordination

Muscles uniting in harmonious orchestration.

Proprioception

Inner sight of limb and length, informed by sensors within.

Postural Adjustments

Balance, the silent partner of all action.

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Sensory Feedback

Real-time corrections that refine each movement.

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Physical Compensation

Gravity, inertia, resistance—all are accounted for.

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Unconscious Processing

Habits and practiced skills that flow without thought.

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Adaptability

Growth, injury, and mastery call for new calibration.

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Functional Segregation

Each part of the system bears a specific charge.

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Spinal Cord (in motor control)

Executes primitive patterns.

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Brainstem (in motor control)

Guides rhythm and posture.

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Motor Cortex

Orchestrates voluntary movement.

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Association Cortex

Crafts purpose and sequence.

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Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum

Shape movement via thalamic pathways.

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Motor Unit

One alpha neuron + all its muscle fibers.

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Motor Pool

All motor neurons innervating a single muscle, aligned in spinal columns.

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Size Principle

Smaller units fire first, then larger ones as force demands rise.

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Muscle Spindles

Embedded proprioceptors sensing muscle length and change.

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The Stretch Reflex

A monosynaptic loop: stretch afferent alpha motor neuron contraction.

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Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

At muscle-tendon junction, measuring force, not length.

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Ventral Side

The front side of the spinal cord.

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Alpha Motor Neurons

Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.

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Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

Sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord.

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All or None Response

When a motor neuron fires, all the muscle fibers it innervates contract fully.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A disease where motor neurons degenerate, leading to muscle weakness and loss of control.

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Type I Motor Units

Motor units with low force and high fatigue resistance.

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Type IIa Motor Units

Motor units with medium force and fatigue resistance.

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Type IIx Motor Units

Motor units with high force but fatigue quickly.

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Twitch

A single, brief muscle contraction in response to a stimulus.

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Unfused Tetanus

Repeated stimuli resulting in incomplete relaxation between contractions.

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Fused Tetanus

Rapid, continuous muscle contraction with no relaxation.

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Peripheral Neuropathy

Reduces GTO function, impairing force feedback and increasing injury risk.

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Intrafusal Fibers

Fibers inside muscle spindles that detect stretch.

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Extrafusal Fibers

Muscle fibers that generate actual muscle force.

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Alpha-Gamma Coactivation

Alpha and gamma motor neurons fire simultaneously to maintain muscle spindle tautness during contraction.

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Study Notes

Spinal Cord Illustration

  • The dorsal side is the back of the spinal cord
  • The ventral side is the front of the spinal cord
  • Alpha motor neurons are efferent neurons
  • Sensory neurons are afferent neurons

Motor Units and "All or None" Response

  • A motor unit consists of one alpha motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
  • "All or none" indicates that when a motor neuron fires, all muscle fibers in its motor unit contract fully, never partially

Disorder Influencing Motor Units

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) affects motor neurons, leading to their degeneration
  • As motor units die due to ALS, muscle control weakens
  • ALS results in loss of strength and movement

Motor Unit Types

  • Type I (slow-twitch) motor units generate low force and are very fatigue-resistant
  • Type IIa (fast fatigue-resistant) motor units produce medium force and have moderate fatigue resistance
  • Type IIx (fast fatigable) motor units generate high force but fatigue quickly
  • Long-distance runners benefit from having more Type I motor units for endurance
  • Aging leads to a quicker loss of Type IIx motor units, impairing explosive movements

Size Principle

  • Smaller motor units are recruited prior to larger ones
  • The size principle leads to smoother, more energy-efficient movement
  • During a 1 rep max, all motor units, including large and fast-fatigable ones, are recruited

Types of Muscle Response

  • Twitch refers to a single, brief contraction
  • Unfused tetanus involves repeated stimuli without fully sustained contraction
  • Fused tetanus involves a rapid, continuous contraction with no relaxation
  • Unfused tetanus is the most common type during voluntary movements

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) Disorder

  • Peripheral Neuropathy diminishes GTO function
  • Without proper GTO feedback, the body cannot detect excessive force, resulting in a risk of injury and uncoordinated movement

Muscle Spindle Sensitivity and Fiber Types

  • Muscle spindles are sensitive to stretch
  • Intrafusal fibers inside spindles detect stretch
  • Extrafusal fibers generate actual muscle force

Alpha-Gamma Coactivation

  • During muscle contraction, both alpha and gamma motor neurons fire
  • Gamma motor neuron firing maintains taut muscle spindles
  • Without alpha-gamma coactivation, stretch sensitivity is diminished
  • This harms movement control since spindles go slack during contraction

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