Understanding Matter and States of Matter

Quarks and Leptons.

Gluons act as the force-carrier between quarks, creating the strong force that holds protons and neutrons together.

Quarks are the building blocks of hadrons, which are particles made up of quarks.

<p>The electromagnetic force interconnects electricity and magnetism and holds atoms together through attraction between charged particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gravity is the weakest force, and it holds objects to Earth and celestial bodies together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distance between mercury particles decreases as they slow down due to the cold, causing them to occupy less space in the tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In boiling hot water, mercury particles gain energy, causing them to move faster and spread further apart, expanding to fill more space in the tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Kelvin scale avoids negative values by setting its absolute zero at 0 Kelvin, which corresponds to -273°C, making it useful for calculations in chemistry and physics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large bathtub filled to the top with water at 37°C is an example of high heat at a medium to low temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small cup of espresso or tea at 98°C is low in heat due to its small volume but has a high temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles in a gas have large spaces between them, high energy, and move very fast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature describes the average kinetic energy of the particles; higher speed means higher temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat is defined as the total energy of the object, which depends on the size or amount of that object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celsius put a tube of liquid mercury into ice water and marked the level of mercury at 0°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a liquid, particles have medium spaces and energy, allowing them to move somewhat fast and flow past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His experiment demonstrates that temperature changes correspond to changes in the average kinetic energy of particles in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In solids, particles are closely packed, have low energy, and exhibit slight vibrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding heat increases particle movement, potentially changing a substance from solid to liquid to gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copper (Cu)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francium (Fr)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tantalum (Ta)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Einsteinium (Es)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berkelium (Bk)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorus (P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neptunium (Np)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed without changing the substance; for example, color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democritus hypothesized that atoms cannot be destroyed, are always moving, and are indivisible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Dalton created the first real atomic theory, hypothesizing that atoms are tiny hard spheres and that atoms of a given element are identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dmitri Mendeleev suggested that future elements would be discovered and fit into the periodic table, which proposed the basis for our modern periodic table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, creating the 'plum pudding' model of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom is mostly empty space and that the proton has a positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niels Bohr created a model of the atom where electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uncertainty principle states that a particle’s position, energy, and time can never be precisely known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Chadwick discovered the neutron, finding the missing mass of the atom’s nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The melting of the wax is a physical change because the molecules of wax absorb heat and transition from solid to liquid without altering their chemical structure. You can prove this by cooling the wax and observing it solidify back into its original form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lighting the Bunsen burner results in a chemical change due to the combustion of gas, which transforms gas molecules into combustion products like carbon dioxide and water. The energy released from this reaction increases the kinetic energy of the molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is a chemical change because the heating process decomposes Copper Carbonate into new substances, including carbon dioxide gas and black copper oxide. The original green powder's molecular structure is altered permanently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When heated, the molecules of Copper Sulphate pentahydrate lose water molecules and change color, indicating a chemical change as new substances are formed and the mass decreases. The bluish-green crystalline structure alters as it releases water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, heating the candle wax increases the kinetic energy of its molecules, making them move faster and breaking the intermolecular forces, which leads to melting. This change occurs at a specific temperature, the melting point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Bunsen burner experiment, higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules, resulting in more frequent and energetic collisions, which accelerate the rate of the chemical reactions. This increases the efficiency of combustion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observable decrease in mass while heating Copper Carbonate, coupled with the production of gas bubbles, indicates that carbon dioxide gas is released during the reaction. This gas evolution proves a chemical change occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers