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Questions and Answers
Literature comes from the Latin word 'litera' which means ______.
letter
Prose presents a story that is invented and not literally ______.
true
Poetry is a piece of art written in ______ or verse expressing various emotions.
meter
Drama comes from the Greek word 'dran' which means 'to ______.'
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An ______ expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event.
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Literature sharpens our sense of moral ______.
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A ______ is a work of fictional narrative prose with a few characters and a single major event.
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Literature links us with the world of which we are a ______.
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Oral tradition is a form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is transmitted ______ from one generation to another.
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A ______ is a question or statement that describes something without naming it, leaving the reader to guess.
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A ______ is a short, memorable saying that embodies a common place fact of experience.
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The term ______ comes from the Greek word 'Mythos', meaning 'Story' or 'legend'.
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An ______ is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a hero embodying the values of a society.
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Paz Marquez Benitez is known for her work 'Dead Stars' published in the ______ Herald in 1925.
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Jose Garcia Villa introduced the 'reversed consonance ______ scheme' in poetry.
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Alfredo Salazar, the main character in 'Dead Stars', first falls in love with a woman named ______.
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Alfredo is a lawyer who has strong desires and wants warmth and ______.
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Esperanza is described as an impassionate woman having strong will and ______.
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Alfredo soon becomes attracted to ______ after his feelings for Esperanza fade.
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Julia Salas is the sister-in-law of the ______, who is a friend of Alfredo’s father.
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He keeps secrets from Esperanza to avoid the ______ of his fiancée discovering his feelings for Julia.
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Alfredo decides to declare his true feelings for Julia after learning about her return to his ______ town.
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Esperanza encourages Alfredo to cancel the ______ after learning about his affair.
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The poet of the text expresses feelings of loss with the lines 'Where is my ______?'
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Pedro entrusts Soledad with two keys: one is to a large trunk containing his personal belongings, and the other is a small key that unlocks a ______.
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Upon Pedro's return, he notices that Soledad is ______ but does not initially understand why.
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Soledad feels a wave of insecurity and jealousy after seeing the clothes, as she realizes Pedro has been keeping this part of his ______ close to him.
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The story ends with an air of unresolved ______ between the couple.
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The poem describes how, after the rain, darkness lifts to luminous ______ of space above.
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The story underscores the painful reality that hard work alone does not always lead to ______.
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Dodong marries his girlfriend Teang despite feeling he knows ______.
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The poem glorifies Rizal as an ______ hero.
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As Dodong grapples with early marriage, he struggles with feelings of ______.
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The phrase 'sleep peacefully in the shadows of the other ______' suggests a reverence for those who have passed.
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The burden of responsibility weighs heavily on Dodong as he faces the realities of raising ______.
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Rizal's spirit, though physically gone, is said to have ______ an empire.
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The opening lines of a poem often evoke strong ______ towards a beloved.
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Study Notes
What is Literature?
- Literature is a broad term for written works, especially those considered to be of artistic or intellectual value.
- It comes from the Latin word "litera," meaning "letter."
- Literature reflects the thoughts and expressions of people.
Importance of Literature
- Personal and intellectual growth
- Connection to the wider world
- Transcending time, place, and culture
- Developing empathy for all living things
- Sharpening moral judgment
- Stimulating imagination and ingenuity
- Exploring irony, paradox, oxymoron, and ambivalence
- Seeing the world from different perspectives
- Reliving history
- Reminding us of our shared humanity
Main Divisions of Literature
-
Prose:
- Invented stories, not literally true.
- Written to be read, not acted.
- Narrated by a voice, not dramatized.
- Examples: novels and short stories.
- Characterized by continuous text, no line breaks.
- Sentences run to the right margin.
- First word of each sentence capitalized.
-
Poetry:
- Artistic expression of emotions through meter or verse.
- Employs techniques like metaphors, similes, and onomatopoeia.
- Uses line breaks.
- First word of each sentence may or may not be capitalized (modern poets).
- Shape varies depending on length and poet's intent.
4 Genres of Literature
-
Drama:
- From the Greek "dran," meaning "to do" or "to act."
- Stories acted out, showing characters going through life events.
- Speech and action recreate the flow of human life.
-
Essay:
- Expresses the writer's viewpoint or opinion on a problem or event.
- Examples: editorial pages of newspapers.
-
Poetry:
- Collection of words expressing an emotion or idea.
-
Short Story:
- Work of fiction with a few characters, limited setting, and a single major event.
Oral Tradition:
- Knowledge, art, ideas, and cultural material passed down orally.
Riddle:
- A question or statement describing something without naming it, requiring the reader to guess.
Proverb:
- A short, memorable saying embodying a common experience, often with bold imagery.
Myth
- From the Greek "Mythos," meaning "story" or "legend."
Legend:
- A semi-true story, passed down through generations, with cultural significance.
Epic:
- A long narrative poem about the deeds of larger-than-life heroes embodying societal values.
Early Period Writers (1900-1930)
-
Paz Marquez Benitez:
- Author of "Dead Stars" (1925).
-
Jose Garcia Villa:
- Filipino poet, National Artist of the Philippines in Literature (1973).
- Known for the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in poetry.
- Pen name: Doveglion.
- Wrote "Footnote to Youth" and "Many Voices."
-
Amador T. Daguio:
- Wrote "Man of Earth" (1932).
-
Other Writers:
- Arturo Rotor
- Tarcila Malabanan Katigbag
- Fernando Maramag
- Paz Latorena
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez
Characters
-
Alfredo Salazar:
- Son of Don Julian, a bachelor over thirty.
- Believes in true love and finding ecstasy in it.
- Falls in love with Esperanza, then Julia Salas.
-
Esperanza:
- Alfredo's fiancée.
- Impassionate, strong-willed, and with consistent beauty.
-
Julia Salas:
- Sister-in-law of Judge Del Valle (a friend of Alfredo's father).
- The second woman Alfredo falls in love with.
- Remains single throughout her life.
-
Don Julian:
- Alfredo's father.
-
Carmen:
- Alfredo's sister.
-
Judge Del Valle:
- Julia's brother-in-law.
-
Donna Adella:
- Julia's sister.
-
Calixta:
- A messenger for Esperanza and Alfredo.
-
Dionisio:
- Donna's husband.
-
Vicente:
- Carmen's husband.
Plot Summary:
- The story revolves around Alfredo's affairs.
- He falls in love with Esperanza and they get engaged after three years.
- Alfredo, desiring warmth and compassion, loses interest in Esperanza when he meets Julia.
- He is strongly attracted to Julia's optimism, charm, and dreams.
- Despite his engagement, Alfredo doesn't disclose it to Julia and keeps secrets from Esperanza.
- He learns about Julia's return and fears losing her, so he decides to confess his feelings.
- After a church function, Alfredo goes to meet Julia but learns she knows about his engagement.
- She wishes him well and leaves.
- Back home, Alfredo finds Esperanza talking about loyalty and faithfulness with a friend.
- Esperanza confesses to knowing about his affair.
- Encouraging him to cancel the wedding, she supports his choice over dishonesty.
- The wedding proceeds as scheduled and Alfredo surrenders to reason.
- Eight years later, Alfredo is sent to work near Julia's hometown.
- Overcome with nostalgia and lust, he finds an excuse to see her.
- Julia is still single, leading Alfredo to dream of a new life with her.
- He realizes their situation has changed and Julia is not the same.
Where is my May? by Fernando Ma. Guerrero
- The poet is known as "The Poet of the Revolution."
- The poem laments a time of happiness, past and gone.
- The speaker feels lost and searches for a time of joy, referencing someone named "May."
- It suggests a time of bloom and beauty that is no longer present.
To Rizal by Cecilio Apostol
- A tribute to the Filipino national hero, Jose Rizal.
- Rizal is described as a great hero, emerging from the grave and remembered with love.
- The poem calls for Rizal to come back and witness the love and respect he continues to inspire.
- It compares Rizal's spirit to the strength of a nation.
- Recognizing Rizal's sacrifice, it emphasizes the ultimate triumph over oppression.
Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
- Centers around Dodong, a 17-year-old eager to marry Teang.
- He believes he is ready for independence and adulthood, despite his young age.
- Dodong marries Teang against his father's advice.
- He learns the burden of early marriage and the responsibility of raising children.
- Dodong experiences regret as he witnesses the hardships of family life he wasn't prepared for.
The Rural Maid by Fernando Maramag
- A love poem expressing the speaker's longing for a "sweet maid."
- He describes a painful regret for a lost love and his enduring dreams of her.
- Emphasizes the mystery and longing for love in life.
Small Key by Paz Latorena
- Explores themes of trust, insecurity, and emotional conflict within marriage.
- Pedro, a farmer, gives Soledad, his young wife, two keys: one for a large trunk, one for a smaller one.
- Soledad is curious about the small key and the contents of the smaller trunk.
- She finds clothes belonging to Pedro's deceased first wife, triggering insecurity and jealousy.
- This discovery makes Soledad feel inadequate and doubtful about her marriage.
- Pedro notices Soledad's upset but doesn't understand it at first.
- Soledad struggles to suppress her emotions and deal with the emotional weight of Pedro's past.
- Tension remains unresolved between the couple.
Rain by M. De Garcia Concepcion
- A short poem depicting the beauty and renewal after a rainstorm.
- Sensual imagery evokes the fresh smells and luminous space after the rain.
- It conveys a sense of rebirth and cleansing.
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Description
Explore the definition, importance, and main divisions of literature in this informative quiz. Delve into prose and its characteristics, and understand how literature influences personal and intellectual growth. Test your knowledge of the literary world and its impact on humanity.
