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Questions and Answers
What is the formula to calculate wavelength of light?
What is the formula to calculate wavelength of light?
What is the speed of light in vacuum?
What is the speed of light in vacuum?
What is the range of wavelength for the visible spectrum of light?
What is the range of wavelength for the visible spectrum of light?
Which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has a wavelength range of 200 - 400 nm?
Which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has a wavelength range of 200 - 400 nm?
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What is the relationship between the energy of light and its frequency?
What is the relationship between the energy of light and its frequency?
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What is the order of colors in the visible spectrum, in order of increasing wavelength?
What is the order of colors in the visible spectrum, in order of increasing wavelength?
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Which type of spectroscopy is used to study the effects of high-energy electromagnetic radiation on atoms and molecules?
Which type of spectroscopy is used to study the effects of high-energy electromagnetic radiation on atoms and molecules?
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Which of the following wavelengths of light is associated with the color red?
Which of the following wavelengths of light is associated with the color red?
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What is the complementary color of blue light with a wavelength of 435-480 nm?
What is the complementary color of blue light with a wavelength of 435-480 nm?
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Which range of wavelengths is considered the UV region?
Which range of wavelengths is considered the UV region?
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What is the apparent color of the light with a wavelength of 560-580 nm?
What is the apparent color of the light with a wavelength of 560-580 nm?
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Which type of electromagnetic radiation is associated with the longest wavelengths?
Which type of electromagnetic radiation is associated with the longest wavelengths?
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What is the primary basis of spectrophotometric techniques?
What is the primary basis of spectrophotometric techniques?
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What is the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation?
What is the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation?
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What is the application of spectrophotometry?
What is the application of spectrophotometry?
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What is an advantage of spectrophotometry?
What is an advantage of spectrophotometry?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of chromatography?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chromatography?
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What is the instrumental method that is based on the separation of compounds?
What is the instrumental method that is based on the separation of compounds?
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What type of transitions can be induced by energy that is not sufficient to cause electronic transitions?
What type of transitions can be induced by energy that is not sufficient to cause electronic transitions?
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What is the ratio of energy of electronic transitions to vibrational transitions?
What is the ratio of energy of electronic transitions to vibrational transitions?
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What occurs when a molecule absorbs photons in the UV-VIS region?
What occurs when a molecule absorbs photons in the UV-VIS region?
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What is the energy level of the ground state?
What is the energy level of the ground state?
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What type of electronic transition involves the excitation of an electron from a non-bonding orbital?
What type of electronic transition involves the excitation of an electron from a non-bonding orbital?
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What is the wavelength of light associated with the s → s* electronic transition?
What is the wavelength of light associated with the s → s* electronic transition?
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What type of electronic transition involves the excitation of an electron from a π bonding orbital?
What type of electronic transition involves the excitation of an electron from a π bonding orbital?
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What is the equation that represents the total energy of a molecule?
What is the equation that represents the total energy of a molecule?
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What is the term for a substituent that causes a shift to a longer wavelength with an increase in absorption intensity when attached to a chromophore?
What is the term for a substituent that causes a shift to a longer wavelength with an increase in absorption intensity when attached to a chromophore?
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What is the term for the shift of lmax to a shorter wavelength due to substitution or solvent effects?
What is the term for the shift of lmax to a shorter wavelength due to substitution or solvent effects?
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What is the term for an increase in absorption intensity?
What is the term for an increase in absorption intensity?
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What is the term for the shift of lmax to a longer wavelength due to substitution or solvent effects?
What is the term for the shift of lmax to a longer wavelength due to substitution or solvent effects?
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What is the term for a decrease in absorption intensity?
What is the term for a decrease in absorption intensity?
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What are the substituents that do not absorb ultraviolet radiations but cause a shift to a longer wavelength with an increase in absorption intensity when attached to a chromophore, called?
What are the substituents that do not absorb ultraviolet radiations but cause a shift to a longer wavelength with an increase in absorption intensity when attached to a chromophore, called?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Instrumental Analysis
- Chromatographic methods: HPLC, GC, PC, TLC, IC
- Miscellaneous methods: Electrophoresis (CE), Elemental analysis, Thermal analysis
- Spectrophotometry: measures interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter at specific energy levels
- Advantages of spectrophotometry: ease and convenience, wide applications, high selectivity, high sensitivity
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
- Described as both waves and particles (photons)
- Consists of regular electric and magnetic fluctuations
- Energy (E) of light increases as frequency (n) increases or wavelength (l) decreases
- Speed of light (C) in vacuum: 3 x 10^8 m/s
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Types of light: increasing frequency (n)
- UV region: 10-200 nm (far UV), 200-400 nm (near UV)
- Visible region: 380-780 nm
- Visible spectrum consists of 7 colors: violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, red
UV-Visible Region
- Wavelength (nm) and corresponding colors:
- 200-400: UV
- 400-435: Violet (yellow-green)
- 435-480: Blue (yellow)
- 480-490: Blue-green (orange)
- 490-500: Green-blue (red)
- 500-560: Green (purple)
- 560-580: Yellow-green (violet)
- 580-595: Yellow (blue)
- 595-650: Orange (green-blue)
- 650-780: Red (blue-green)
Spectroscopic Methods
- Types of spectroscopy based on frequency of EMR
- Examples: γ-Rays, X-Rays, UV-Visible radiation
Electronic Transitions
- Absorption of energy results in electronic transitions
- Types of electronic transitions:
- s → s* (e.g. alkanes, λ ~ 150 nm)
- n → s* (e.g. R-NH2, R-OH, R-SH, λ ~ 190 nm)
- p → p* (e.g. alkenes, alkynes, carbonyl, λ < "s" electrons)
- n → p* (e.g. auxochromes)
Important Terms
- Hyperchromic effect: increase in absorption intensity
- Hypochromic effect: decrease in absorption intensity
- Bathochromic shift (red shift): shift to longer wavelength (lower energy)
- Hypsochromic shift (blue shift): shift to shorter wavelength (higher energy)
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of light, including its wavelength, speed, and frequency, as well as the electromagnetic spectrum. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in physics.
