Socio. Week 3

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Questions and Answers

Attitudes, as defined in the social sciences, are best described as:

  • Fixed and unchangeable beliefs that determine individual actions.
  • Explicitly stated opinions that accurately reflect a person's feelings.
  • Directly observable behaviors that individuals consciously exhibit.
  • Hypothetical constructs inferred from observable responses. (correct)

A researcher aims to understand the language attitudes within a community. Which approach would directly measure these attitudes?

  • Analyzing historical documents to trace language evolution.
  • Conducting a free association task related to the local language. (correct)
  • Measuring the acoustic properties of different dialects.
  • Observing the community's linguistic behavior in various social settings.

In sociolinguistics, what is the primary focus when examining language attitudes?

  • The statistical frequency of certain words or phrases in a language.
  • The objective correctness of different linguistic structures.
  • The historical development and etymology of various languages.
  • The subjective evaluations and perceptions of languages and their speakers. (correct)

A study participant consistently rates speakers of a particular dialect as less intelligent and less ambitious, regardless of the content they convey. This scenario exemplifies:

<p>The influence of language attitudes on subjective evaluations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves participants listening to the same speaker using different language varieties to assess attitudes?

<p>Matched-guise test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'language is nothing intrinsically beautiful or correct about any particular sound' suggests that:

<p>Language attitudes are based on social perceptions rather than inherent qualities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating how people perceive regional language variations. Which method involves creating maps based on individuals' perceptions of dialect boundaries?

<p>Perceptual dialectology map task (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language attitudes, what does the matched-guise test primarily aim to minimize?

<p>The impact of personality traits on subjective evaluations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand language attitudes in sociolinguistic research?

<p>To gain insights into social biases and their impact on linguistic behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Likert scales and semantic differentials in measuring language attitudes?

<p>Likert scales provide a scale of agreement, while semantic differentials use contrasting adjectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

<p>Language influences thought and perception, shaping our understanding of the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A community adopts gender-neutral pronouns to replace binary options. This linguistic change reflects:

<p>The influence of social change on language, illustrating linguistic relativism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A language lacks specific terms for certain colors, and speakers struggle to differentiate between those shades. This observation supports which concept?

<p>Linguistic determinism, where language strictly dictates perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does linguistic relativism differ from linguistic determinism?

<p>Relativism suggests language influences thought, while determinism posits that language strictly controls thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'gezellig' in Dutch, which lacks a direct English equivalent, is an example of:

<p>A culture-specific concept that reflects unique aspects of Dutch culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, if a language has more words for 'rice' compared to another language, what might that suggest?

<p>Speakers of that language are likely to have a more nuanced understanding of rice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study reveals that speakers of a language without grammatical gender are less likely to assign gender roles to inanimate objects. This supports:

<p>Linguistic relativism by subtly influencing cognitive habits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pirahã language's limited number system, as studied by Everett and Gordon, suggests what about their numerical cognition?

<p>Their language structure may influence their ability to conceptualize exact quantities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research finding would most strongly challenge the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

<p>Independent problem-solving strategies across diverse linguistic backgrounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A linguist studies spatial descriptions across languages, finding that some use relative terms (left/right) and others use absolute directions (north/south). This research relates to:

<p>How language influences spatial cognition, as suggested by Sapir-Whorf. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a language attitude study reveals negative perceptions towards a regional accent despite standardized grammar, what could be a potential explanation?

<p>Social biases lead to subjective devaluation of the accent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is most important when conducting a matched-guise test?

<p>Clearly informing participants about deception involved after the test to protect their psychological well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After moving to a new country, you start adopting local slang and pronunciation. Which concept illustrates this behavior?

<p>Linguistic convergence aiming to integrate socially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A village switches from their heritage language to the dominant language for education and employment. Which outcome is most likely regarding language attitudes?

<p>Shifting attitudes towards the dominant language as more socially prestigious. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When interpreting mental map task results, how should a researcher address variation across participants' drawings?

<p>Analyze variations as reflections of subjective knowledge and biases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a survey assessing language attitudes, negatively worded questions may lead to:

<p>Acquiescence bias where participants agree regardless of content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect underlies ethical challenges within language attitude research?

<p>The potential to uncover socially undesirable biases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When designing survey questionnaires measuring attitudes, what strategy minimizes biases?

<p>Blending positively and negatively worded questions to balance responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studying language attitudes during rapid social changes (e.g., globalization) requires:

<p>Acknowledging broader dynamics shaping perceptions and behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical assumption behind using the matched-guise technique effectively?

<p>Listeners should be unaware that they are listening to the same speaker. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a study finds a very strong, almost deterministic effect of language on thought, what broader implication does it have?

<p>Cultural exchange programs require sensitive negotiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike explicit attitude measures, implicit measures seek to uncover:

<p>Deep-seated beliefs outside conscious awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theoretical perspective would emphasize the role of language in maintaining social hierarchies and power structures?

<p>Critical sociolinguistics analyzing power dynamics in language use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a free association task reveal language attitudes?

<p>Examining words participants associate with a given language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting a perceptual dialectology study, what is the significance of asking participants to draw their own dialect maps?

<p>The ability to determine how dialect boundaries are perceived subjectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language attitudes toward dialects correlate to:

<p>Social and historical prejudices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action aligns with challenging language-based discrimination?

<p>Honoring vernacular uniqueness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of holding International Mother Language Day?

<p>Promote the value of diverse mother tongues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using a free association task to measure language attitudes, which aspect is of primary interest to researchers?

<p>The spontaneous and uncensored responses that reveal implicit biases towards a language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In perceptual dialectology, what is the significance of asking participants to draw dialect maps?

<p>To reveal cognitive associations and assumptions about language variation within a region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key assumption underlies the matched-guise test as a method for studying language attitudes?

<p>Participants will rate different language varieties spoken by the same individual differently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, how might the grammatical structure of a language influence its speakers' perception of time?

<p>Languages that treat time as spatial (e.g., 'a long time <em>ahead</em>' vs. 'behind' us) may lead speakers to conceptualize time differently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the theory of linguistic relativism differ from that of linguistic determinism?

<p>Linguistic relativism proposes that language influences thought, while linguistic determinism asserts that language dictates thought. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attitude (definition)

A summary evaluation of an object of thought.

Language attitude

Attitudes towards languages reflecting views of speakers and contexts.

Free association task

A research method where participants freely list associations with a language.

Survey questionnaire

Research via questionnaires to gauge opinions on languages.

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Mental map task

Research method where participants draw mental maps of language variation.

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Matched-guise test

Indirectly measures attitudes toward dialects by using the same speaker.

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Language attitude (variation)

Attitude towards language variation, dialect, and speech style.

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Language attitude (minority)

Attitude towards a specific minority language.

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Language attitude (learning)

Attitude towards learning a new language

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Language attitude (uses)

Attitude towards uses of a specific language

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Folk linguistics

Opinion of non-linguists about language and language use.

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Perceptual dialectology

Study of opinions about different language varieties/dialects.

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Likert Scale

Scale indicating agreement to a statement.

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Semantic differential

Scale between contrasting pairs of objectives.

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The idea that language influences thought.

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Linguistic determinism

Language determines how speakers perceive the world.

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Linguistic relativism

Language influences thought, but doesn't fully determine it.

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Linguistic relativism (insight)

Insight into what is important in a community, reflects attitudes.

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Relative FoR

Spatial relationship described relative to the speaker.

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Absolute FoR

Spatial relationship described using fixed cardinal directions.

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Intrinsic FoR

Spatial relationship described from object to object not based on perspective.

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Study Notes

Language Attitudes

  • Attitudes are defined from different angles according to differing theories.
  • Semantic disagreements and differences concerning generality and specificity exist within the social sciences.
  • Attitudes are considered a summary evaluation.
  • Attitudes are not directly observable
  • Attitudes are inferred from observable responses.
  • Attitudes are sufficiently stable for identification and measurement.

Language Attitude Defined

  • Attitudes towards languages are developed reflecting views of speakers, contexts, and functions associated with the language.
  • There is nothing intrinsically beautiful or correct about any sound.
  • Perceptions about language varieties relate to attitudes about different language users.
  • It is an umbrella term for various empirical studies.
  • Specific attitudes within language attitudes include:
    • Language variation, dialect, and speech style
    • Learning a new language
    • Minority languages
    • Language groups, communities, and minorities
    • Language lessons
    • Parental attitudes toward language lessons
    • Uses of specific languages
    • Language preference

Measuring Language Attitude

  • Free association tasks measure language attitudes by asking people to list words they associate with a language.
  • Survey questionnaires gauge attitudes by asking respondents to agree or disagree with statements about a language.
  • Likert scales involve statements where people indicate their agreement level.
    • Extremes include totally disagree and totally agree.
    • Intermediate points may or may not be indicated.
    • The scales can have even or odd numbers of positions.
  • Semantic differentials present contrasting statements, usually adjective pairs, and offer a scale without intermediate points.
  • Matched-guise tests involve the same speaker using different language varieties.
    • This method measures attitudes indirectly, focusing on status (intelligence, ambition, confidence) and solidarity (sociability, sympathy, reliability).
    • W. Lambert and colleagues introduced this test in 1960.
    • This method isolates language attitudes without influence from other personality traits.
  • The mental map task was introduced by Dennis Preston, and involves creating a mental map of language and dialect regions.
  • Purnell et al. found that participants can successfully identify ethnicity by hearing the word "hello".
    • Participants correctly identified dialects more than 70% of the time.

Perceptual Dialectology

  • Perceptual dialectology examines people's opinions about different language varieties and dialects.
  • Folk linguistics, a subfield, studies non-linguists' opinions about language and usage.
  • Dennis Preston is a leading figure in perceptual dialectology.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

  • This concerns language, perception, and world view.
  • Linguistic determinism and relativism are related to this hypothesis.
  • According to Sapir in 1958, people rely on language to understand society.
  • Whorf stated that language determines how individuals categorize and organize their understanding of the world.
  • The hypothesis has a strong and weak version:
    • Strong linguistic determinism posits that language determines how speakers perceive and experience the world; if a language lacks a word for something, speakers cannot perceive it.
    • Weak linguistic relativism suggests that language provides insight into what is important in a community and reflects the attitudes of speakers.
      • If society changes, language will follow.
      • A less sexist society results in less sexist language is an example.
      • New words form when needed.
      • Exisiting worlds can take on new meanings (e.g. "mouse").
  • Spatial relations and color naming can vary according to language.
    • Brown & Lenneberg found that the codability of a color term correlates with how well it is remembered.
    • Berlin & Kay's study of 78 languages found a universal color term hierarchy.

International Mother Language Day

  • UNESCO recognizes its importance on February 21st.
  • The initiative to celebrate the day came from Bangladesh.
  • The overall goal of the day is to promote linguistic diversity and multilingual education.

Conclusion

  • Language attitudes can be measured in various ways.
  • Language attitudes are studied from various perspectives, including perceptual dialectology and linguistic profiling.
  • The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis illustrates the complex relationship between language, cognition, and world view.
  • Two approaches exist to language attitudes:
    • Attitudes toward language variety with a link to behavior
    • Attitudes through language with linguistic determinism vs. relativism

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