Podcast
Questions and Answers
Attitudes, as defined in the social sciences, are best described as:
Attitudes, as defined in the social sciences, are best described as:
- Fixed and unchangeable beliefs that determine individual actions.
- Explicitly stated opinions that accurately reflect a person's feelings.
- Directly observable behaviors that individuals consciously exhibit.
- Hypothetical constructs inferred from observable responses. (correct)
A researcher aims to understand the language attitudes within a community. Which approach would directly measure these attitudes?
A researcher aims to understand the language attitudes within a community. Which approach would directly measure these attitudes?
- Analyzing historical documents to trace language evolution.
- Conducting a free association task related to the local language. (correct)
- Measuring the acoustic properties of different dialects.
- Observing the community's linguistic behavior in various social settings.
In sociolinguistics, what is the primary focus when examining language attitudes?
In sociolinguistics, what is the primary focus when examining language attitudes?
- The statistical frequency of certain words or phrases in a language.
- The objective correctness of different linguistic structures.
- The historical development and etymology of various languages.
- The subjective evaluations and perceptions of languages and their speakers. (correct)
A study participant consistently rates speakers of a particular dialect as less intelligent and less ambitious, regardless of the content they convey. This scenario exemplifies:
A study participant consistently rates speakers of a particular dialect as less intelligent and less ambitious, regardless of the content they convey. This scenario exemplifies:
Which research method involves participants listening to the same speaker using different language varieties to assess attitudes?
Which research method involves participants listening to the same speaker using different language varieties to assess attitudes?
The statement 'language is nothing intrinsically beautiful or correct about any particular sound' suggests that:
The statement 'language is nothing intrinsically beautiful or correct about any particular sound' suggests that:
A researcher is investigating how people perceive regional language variations. Which method involves creating maps based on individuals' perceptions of dialect boundaries?
A researcher is investigating how people perceive regional language variations. Which method involves creating maps based on individuals' perceptions of dialect boundaries?
In the context of language attitudes, what does the matched-guise test primarily aim to minimize?
In the context of language attitudes, what does the matched-guise test primarily aim to minimize?
Why is it important to understand language attitudes in sociolinguistic research?
Why is it important to understand language attitudes in sociolinguistic research?
What is a key difference between Likert scales and semantic differentials in measuring language attitudes?
What is a key difference between Likert scales and semantic differentials in measuring language attitudes?
Which of the following best describes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Which of the following best describes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A community adopts gender-neutral pronouns to replace binary options. This linguistic change reflects:
A community adopts gender-neutral pronouns to replace binary options. This linguistic change reflects:
A language lacks specific terms for certain colors, and speakers struggle to differentiate between those shades. This observation supports which concept?
A language lacks specific terms for certain colors, and speakers struggle to differentiate between those shades. This observation supports which concept?
How does linguistic relativism differ from linguistic determinism?
How does linguistic relativism differ from linguistic determinism?
The term 'gezellig' in Dutch, which lacks a direct English equivalent, is an example of:
The term 'gezellig' in Dutch, which lacks a direct English equivalent, is an example of:
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, if a language has more words for 'rice' compared to another language, what might that suggest?
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, if a language has more words for 'rice' compared to another language, what might that suggest?
A study reveals that speakers of a language without grammatical gender are less likely to assign gender roles to inanimate objects. This supports:
A study reveals that speakers of a language without grammatical gender are less likely to assign gender roles to inanimate objects. This supports:
The Pirahã language's limited number system, as studied by Everett and Gordon, suggests what about their numerical cognition?
The Pirahã language's limited number system, as studied by Everett and Gordon, suggests what about their numerical cognition?
Which research finding would most strongly challenge the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Which research finding would most strongly challenge the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A linguist studies spatial descriptions across languages, finding that some use relative terms (left/right) and others use absolute directions (north/south). This research relates to:
A linguist studies spatial descriptions across languages, finding that some use relative terms (left/right) and others use absolute directions (north/south). This research relates to:
If a language attitude study reveals negative perceptions towards a regional accent despite standardized grammar, what could be a potential explanation?
If a language attitude study reveals negative perceptions towards a regional accent despite standardized grammar, what could be a potential explanation?
What ethical consideration is most important when conducting a matched-guise test?
What ethical consideration is most important when conducting a matched-guise test?
After moving to a new country, you start adopting local slang and pronunciation. Which concept illustrates this behavior?
After moving to a new country, you start adopting local slang and pronunciation. Which concept illustrates this behavior?
A village switches from their heritage language to the dominant language for education and employment. Which outcome is most likely regarding language attitudes?
A village switches from their heritage language to the dominant language for education and employment. Which outcome is most likely regarding language attitudes?
When interpreting mental map task results, how should a researcher address variation across participants' drawings?
When interpreting mental map task results, how should a researcher address variation across participants' drawings?
In a survey assessing language attitudes, negatively worded questions may lead to:
In a survey assessing language attitudes, negatively worded questions may lead to:
Which aspect underlies ethical challenges within language attitude research?
Which aspect underlies ethical challenges within language attitude research?
When designing survey questionnaires measuring attitudes, what strategy minimizes biases?
When designing survey questionnaires measuring attitudes, what strategy minimizes biases?
Studying language attitudes during rapid social changes (e.g., globalization) requires:
Studying language attitudes during rapid social changes (e.g., globalization) requires:
What is a critical assumption behind using the matched-guise technique effectively?
What is a critical assumption behind using the matched-guise technique effectively?
If a study finds a very strong, almost deterministic effect of language on thought, what broader implication does it have?
If a study finds a very strong, almost deterministic effect of language on thought, what broader implication does it have?
Unlike explicit attitude measures, implicit measures seek to uncover:
Unlike explicit attitude measures, implicit measures seek to uncover:
What theoretical perspective would emphasize the role of language in maintaining social hierarchies and power structures?
What theoretical perspective would emphasize the role of language in maintaining social hierarchies and power structures?
How might a free association task reveal language attitudes?
How might a free association task reveal language attitudes?
When conducting a perceptual dialectology study, what is the significance of asking participants to draw their own dialect maps?
When conducting a perceptual dialectology study, what is the significance of asking participants to draw their own dialect maps?
Language attitudes toward dialects correlate to:
Language attitudes toward dialects correlate to:
What action aligns with challenging language-based discrimination?
What action aligns with challenging language-based discrimination?
What is the main point of holding International Mother Language Day?
What is the main point of holding International Mother Language Day?
When using a free association task to measure language attitudes, which aspect is of primary interest to researchers?
When using a free association task to measure language attitudes, which aspect is of primary interest to researchers?
In perceptual dialectology, what is the significance of asking participants to draw dialect maps?
In perceptual dialectology, what is the significance of asking participants to draw dialect maps?
What key assumption underlies the matched-guise test as a method for studying language attitudes?
What key assumption underlies the matched-guise test as a method for studying language attitudes?
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, how might the grammatical structure of a language influence its speakers' perception of time?
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, how might the grammatical structure of a language influence its speakers' perception of time?
How does the theory of linguistic relativism differ from that of linguistic determinism?
How does the theory of linguistic relativism differ from that of linguistic determinism?
Flashcards
Attitude (definition)
Attitude (definition)
A summary evaluation of an object of thought.
Language attitude
Language attitude
Attitudes towards languages reflecting views of speakers and contexts.
Free association task
Free association task
A research method where participants freely list associations with a language.
Survey questionnaire
Survey questionnaire
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Mental map task
Mental map task
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Matched-guise test
Matched-guise test
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Language attitude (variation)
Language attitude (variation)
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Language attitude (minority)
Language attitude (minority)
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Language attitude (learning)
Language attitude (learning)
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Language attitude (uses)
Language attitude (uses)
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Folk linguistics
Folk linguistics
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Perceptual dialectology
Perceptual dialectology
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Likert Scale
Likert Scale
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Semantic differential
Semantic differential
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Linguistic determinism
Linguistic determinism
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Linguistic relativism
Linguistic relativism
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Linguistic relativism (insight)
Linguistic relativism (insight)
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Relative FoR
Relative FoR
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Absolute FoR
Absolute FoR
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Intrinsic FoR
Intrinsic FoR
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Study Notes
Language Attitudes
- Attitudes are defined from different angles according to differing theories.
- Semantic disagreements and differences concerning generality and specificity exist within the social sciences.
- Attitudes are considered a summary evaluation.
- Attitudes are not directly observable
- Attitudes are inferred from observable responses.
- Attitudes are sufficiently stable for identification and measurement.
Language Attitude Defined
- Attitudes towards languages are developed reflecting views of speakers, contexts, and functions associated with the language.
- There is nothing intrinsically beautiful or correct about any sound.
- Perceptions about language varieties relate to attitudes about different language users.
- It is an umbrella term for various empirical studies.
- Specific attitudes within language attitudes include:
- Language variation, dialect, and speech style
- Learning a new language
- Minority languages
- Language groups, communities, and minorities
- Language lessons
- Parental attitudes toward language lessons
- Uses of specific languages
- Language preference
Measuring Language Attitude
- Free association tasks measure language attitudes by asking people to list words they associate with a language.
- Survey questionnaires gauge attitudes by asking respondents to agree or disagree with statements about a language.
- Likert scales involve statements where people indicate their agreement level.
- Extremes include totally disagree and totally agree.
- Intermediate points may or may not be indicated.
- The scales can have even or odd numbers of positions.
- Semantic differentials present contrasting statements, usually adjective pairs, and offer a scale without intermediate points.
- Matched-guise tests involve the same speaker using different language varieties.
- This method measures attitudes indirectly, focusing on status (intelligence, ambition, confidence) and solidarity (sociability, sympathy, reliability).
- W. Lambert and colleagues introduced this test in 1960.
- This method isolates language attitudes without influence from other personality traits.
- The mental map task was introduced by Dennis Preston, and involves creating a mental map of language and dialect regions.
- Purnell et al. found that participants can successfully identify ethnicity by hearing the word "hello".
- Participants correctly identified dialects more than 70% of the time.
Perceptual Dialectology
- Perceptual dialectology examines people's opinions about different language varieties and dialects.
- Folk linguistics, a subfield, studies non-linguists' opinions about language and usage.
- Dennis Preston is a leading figure in perceptual dialectology.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- This concerns language, perception, and world view.
- Linguistic determinism and relativism are related to this hypothesis.
- According to Sapir in 1958, people rely on language to understand society.
- Whorf stated that language determines how individuals categorize and organize their understanding of the world.
- The hypothesis has a strong and weak version:
- Strong linguistic determinism posits that language determines how speakers perceive and experience the world; if a language lacks a word for something, speakers cannot perceive it.
- Weak linguistic relativism suggests that language provides insight into what is important in a community and reflects the attitudes of speakers.
- If society changes, language will follow.
- A less sexist society results in less sexist language is an example.
- New words form when needed.
- Exisiting worlds can take on new meanings (e.g. "mouse").
- Spatial relations and color naming can vary according to language.
- Brown & Lenneberg found that the codability of a color term correlates with how well it is remembered.
- Berlin & Kay's study of 78 languages found a universal color term hierarchy.
International Mother Language Day
- UNESCO recognizes its importance on February 21st.
- The initiative to celebrate the day came from Bangladesh.
- The overall goal of the day is to promote linguistic diversity and multilingual education.
Conclusion
- Language attitudes can be measured in various ways.
- Language attitudes are studied from various perspectives, including perceptual dialectology and linguistic profiling.
- The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis illustrates the complex relationship between language, cognition, and world view.
- Two approaches exist to language attitudes:
- Attitudes toward language variety with a link to behavior
- Attitudes through language with linguistic determinism vs. relativism
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