Questions and Answers
What is the difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?
Linguistic competence refers to our knowledge of words and grammar, while linguistic performance is how we use that knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension.
What factors limit the number of modifiers that speakers actually produce?
Physiological and psychological factors.
Speakers can produce an infinite amount of adjectives and adverbs without any limits.
False
What can happen to listeners during speech production?
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Sometimes speech production can be affected by slips of the _____ such as saying 'preach seduction' instead of 'speech production.'
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What is a common challenge speakers face when producing speech?
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What distinguishes humans from other animals?
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Language is only about spoken words.
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What do we mean by knowing a language?
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Which of the following is true about sign languages?
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Provide an example of a phoneme that is part of one language but not another.
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What does linguistic creativity refer to?
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How do children learn the sound patterns of their language?
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A person who knows a language has mastered a system of rules for _______ and _______.
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It is possible to create infinite sentences in a language.
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What does the asterisk (*) indicate in examples of sentences?
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According to Noam Chomsky, what is the significance of knowing a language?
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Study Notes
The Nature of Language
- Language captures the essence of being human; it’s intertwined with our identity and distinct from other animals.
- Communication occurs constantly; people engage through spoken and electronic interactions, emphasizing the omnipresence of language in life and dreams.
- Learning to speak is viewed as a rite of passage to becoming human in certain cultures, highlighting language's role in defining personhood.
Linguistic Knowledge
- Proficiency in a language encompasses understanding spoken and signed forms, acknowledging that sign languages are as complex as spoken ones.
- Even young children possess conversational skills comparable to adults, demonstrating innate linguistic knowledge that operates beyond conscious awareness.
- This unconscious knowledge allows individuals to use grammatical structures without explicit understanding, similar to physical skills like walking.
Knowledge of Sound Systems
- Knowing a language entails mastering its sound system, including which sounds can initiate or terminate words.
- Pronunciation of foreign words often reveals unconscious knowledge of one’s own sound system; deviations occur when speakers apply their native pronunciation rules to foreign terms.
- Children rapidly acquire these sound patterns inherent to their language, understanding phonotactic constraints like the impossibility of starting a word with certain sound combinations.
Knowledge of Words and their Arbitrary Nature
- Language consists of sequences of sounds that correspond to specific meanings, highlighting that meanings are often arbitrary and culturally specific (e.g., "house" vs. "maison").
- The significance of words emerges from societal conventions, making language an evolving construct where labels can change meaning over time.
- Sound symbolism exists in language, but is limited; most phonetic associations are arbitrary, with onomatopoeic terms representing exceptions rather than rules.
Creativity in Language
- Language usage is fundamentally creative, as it allows speakers to generate an infinite array of novel sentences and expressions.
- Every speaker can create unique phrases never uttered before, demonstrating an inherent creative capacity irrespective of literary skill.
- Expanding sentences indefinitely (e.g., “the house that Jack built”) reflects the universal ability to lengthen and complexify language forms.
Mastery of Sentences and Nonsentences
- Knowing a language includes an understanding of grammatical structure, enabling the production and comprehension of both well-formed and ill-formed sentences.
- Linguistic competence allows speakers to identify acceptable versus unacceptable syntactic configurations, underscoring the internalized rules governing language use.
- The distinction between linguistic competence (knowledge) and performance (application) highlights the difference between theoretical grammatical understanding and practical speech production.
Linguistic Performance Dynamics
- While linguistic competence enables the formation of sentence structures of any length, physiological and cognitive constraints often limit practical sentence length.
- Factors affecting speech include the speaker's physical endurance, attention span, and clarity of thought, which can impact the delivery and comprehension of language.
- Instances of speech disfluency (e.g., stammering) may occur in spontaneous language use, revealing the challenges of real-time linguistic performance.
Conclusion on Language Knowledge
- Knowledge of a language encapsulates a comprehensive understanding of sounds, meanings, grammatical rules, and the ability to express and comprehend an infinite range of ideas.
- The complexities of language illustrate human cognitive capabilities and their implications for communication, identity, and creativity.
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Description
Explore the fundamental nature of human language through the insights of Noam Chomsky in 'Language and Mind'. This quiz delves into the distinctive qualities that define human communication and its significance in social interaction. Discover what it means to engage with language and its role in our everyday lives.
