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What is the most common form of ketosis that occurs near the peak of lactation?
Spontaneous ketosis is often accompanied by severe acidosis.
False
What triggers the onset of pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats?
Low blood sugar (glucose)
Excess quantities of __________ will lead to ketosis.
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Match the following treatments with their purposes:
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Which of the following is a consequence of hypoglycemia during lactation?
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Which of the following is primarily involved in the storage of high-energy creatine phosphate?
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Glucose is required primarily for muscle function during exercise.
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Lactate dehydrogenase is specific to one tissue type and does not vary across different tissues.
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What is the principal cause of pregnancy toxemia?
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What are the two polypeptides that combine to form the isoenzymes of creatine kinase?
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The isoenzyme predominant in cardiac muscle is known as _____.
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Which enzyme level is considered a sensitive indicator of acute myocardial infarction?
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Match the following isoenzymes of creatine kinase with their predominant locations:
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Creatine kinase levels remain constant regardless of muscle injury.
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Which enzyme's activity can be an indicator of muscular dystrophy?
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What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis?
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Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate levels.
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What condition leads to the production of ketone bodies, contributing to metabolic acidosis?
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In metabolic acidosis, there is a primary deficit of __________.
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Match the following causes with their respective conditions related to metabolic acidosis:
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What is one of the common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
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Hypoperfusion can cause metabolic acidosis due to tissue hypoxia.
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What is the primary characteristic of respiratory alkalosis?
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What is the primary role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in anaerobic glycolysis?
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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is primarily found only in the liver.
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What coenzyme does pyruvate require for the transamination reaction catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) transfers an amino group from alanine to ______.
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Match the enzyme to its tissue source:
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What is the general diagnostic significance of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is considered the more liver-specific enzyme amongst transferases.
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What is the reference range for AST levels in U/L at 37°C?
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Which of the following can stimulate vomiting? (Select all that apply)
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It is common for horses to vomit easily.
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What biochemical changes occur during vomiting?
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Gastric contents loss can contribute to potassium deficiency during vomiting due to loss of potassium and __________.
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Match the condition to its characteristic feature:
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Which of the following is a consequence of diarrhea?
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Hyperkalemia is a condition resulting from GDV.
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What is the primary cause of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV)?
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Chronic gastritis can cause __________ due to irritation of the stomach lining.
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Study Notes
Ketosis
- The rumen epithelium plays a key role in converting butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, into acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.
- When butyrate levels are high, excessive amounts of beta-hydroxybutyrate are produced and released into the bloodstream, leading to ketosis.
- Spontaneous ketosis is the most common type of ketosis, occurring during peak lactation in animals with access to high-quality feed.
- Spontaneous ketosis typically resolves on its own, although it can significantly reduce milk production.
Hypoglycemic Theory
- The hypoglycemic theory is the most widely accepted explanation for bovine ketosis.
- During lactation, the mammary glands may consume glucose from the bloodstream faster than the liver can replenish it, causing hypoglycemia.
- Hypoglycemia triggers the liver to break down fatty acids into ketone bodies, leading to an increase in blood ketone levels.
Pregnancy Toxemia
- Pregnancy toxemia, also called ketosis, lambing sickness, or twin-lamb disease, affects pregnant sheep and goats.
- It’s primarily caused by low blood sugar (glucose).
- Stress factors like nutritional deficiencies or harsh weather conditions can trigger the onset of the disease.
- Ewes and does carrying multiple fetuses or who are excessively fat or thin are most susceptible.
- Growing fetuses consume large amounts of glucose and amino acids, further contributing to hypoglycemia and ketone body production.
- The brain relies on glucose for optimal function, so a deficiency leads to nervous dysfunction, potentially progressing to coma and death.
Blood Biochemistry of Ketosis
- Ketosis is characterized by an increase in blood ketone levels, particularly beta-hydroxybutyrate.
- Glucose and glucose precursor therapies are used to manage ketosis.
- Parenteral glucose offers immediate relief from hypoglycemia.
- Gluconeogenic precursors like propylene glycol, glycerol, and sodium pyruvate have proven effective in treating ketosis.
Hepatocellular Enzymes and Isoenzymes
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increases in both bile and blood due to its presence on bile canalicular and sinusoidal surfaces.
- Isoenzymes, differing in amino acid sequence but catalyzing the same reactions, can help identify affected tissues.
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has five isoenzymes, each with a specific tissue distribution.
Creatine Kinase (CK)
- CK, a primary enzyme involved in muscle energy storage, has higher activity in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and brain tissue.
- Elevated CK levels indicate disorders of cardiac and skeletal muscle.
- CK exists in three isoenzyme forms (BM, B2, and M2) with different tissue distributions.
- CK levels remain elevated for 1-2 days after a heart attack, reaching lethal concentrations after multiple attacks within a short period.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
- LDH is widely distributed in the body, with high activity levels in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and erythrocytes.
- Increased LDH levels indicate a variety of disorders due to its ubiquitous nature, making it challenging to pinpoint the specific affected tissue.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
- AST is a transferase involved in amino group transfer between aspartate and α-keto acids.
- It is primarily used to assess hepatocellular disorders and skeletal muscle involvement.
- AST levels frequently increase in pulmonary embolism.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
- ALT is a transferase similar to AST, catalyzing the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate.
- It is considered more liver-specific than AST.
Vomiting
- Vomiting is induced by various factors, including foreign objects, obstructions, parasites, infections, toxins, and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract.
- Vomiting is common in dogs and cats but rare in horses.
- Vomiting leads to loss of water, hydrochloric acid, and electrolytes, resulting in dehydration and metabolic alkalosis.
- Hypokalemia may occur due to increased urinary potassium excretion during alkalosis.
Diarrhea
- Diarrhea is the frequent passage of watery feces, caused by various factors like intestinal infections, parasites, dietary changes, toxins, and heavy metals.
- It leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and disruption of nutrient absorption.
- Dehydration can trigger haemoconcentration, resulting in hypovolemic shock, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia.
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV)
- GDV is a serious gastrointestinal disorder characterized by gas and fluid accumulation in the stomach, causing mechanical and functional disturbances.
- It leads to gastric distension, rotation, obstruction, and potentially necrosis and perforation of the stomach wall.
- GDV results in hyperkalemia, hyperphosphotemia, and haemoconcentration.
- Increased transaminase activity reflects tissue damage in the stomach and liver.
- Lactic acid production leads to metabolic acidosis.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of ketosis, particularly in bovine lactation, and the hypoglycemic theory associated with it. It discusses the role of butyrate in creating ketone bodies and the impact of energy levels during pregnancy. Test your knowledge on the metabolic processes and the significance of these conditions in livestock.
