Understanding Investigations

Questions and Answers

What is investigation?

A detailed examination or inquiry to discover something or somebody.

What is the origin of the word 'investigation'?

It comes from the Latin word 'vestigare' which means to tract or trace.

What does criminal investigation seek to achieve?

It seeks all facts associated with a crime to determine the truth.

Who defined criminal investigation as involving 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration, and 2% luck?

Hans Gross Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of criminal investigation?

To determine if a crime has been committed, legally obtain evidence, identify persons involved, arrest suspects, recover stolen properties, and present the case to the prosecutor. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two kinds of criminal investigation?

Investigation while the suspect is at large Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'PRELIMINARY' stand for in the context of investigation?

Proceed, Render assistance, Effect arrest, Locate witnesses, Interview, Maintain integrity, Interrogate, Note, Arrange, Yield. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the in-depth investigation phase?

Reexamining the preliminary investigation, interviewing, processing documents, and gathering evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key principles in criminal investigation?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What was the main responsibility of the Praetorian Guard during the time of Emperor Augustus?

To protect the palace and the emperor. Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for governing specific geographic areas called shires during the Middle Ages?

Shire-Reeve/Sheriffs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'falces' refer to in ancient Rome?

Bundles symbolizing authority. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Vigiles of Rome?

To act as both fire-fighters and law enforcement. Signup and view all the answers

In Alfred the Great's mutual pledge system, how many persons were grouped in a Tithing?

10 persons. Signup and view all the answers

What was common about the Praefectus Urbi's powers during the time of the Emperor Augustus?

They had judicial and administrative powers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main function of the Tithing Man within the mutual pledge system?

To head the group of ten individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient leader is recognized as one of history's greatest military leaders and ruled a vast empire?

Alexander the Great. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the weakest link in the interrogation process?

To be the target of various interrogation techniques. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves making the suspect believe that family members have provided information against them?

Feigning Contact with Family Members Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of using a reverse line-up technique?

The suspect becomes desperate and may only confess to the current case. Signup and view all the answers

In the stern approach, what tactic does the investigator utilize to elicit a confession?

Jolting with sudden, loud questions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the technique of lying opportunities contribute to the interrogation process?

It exposes inconsistencies in the suspect's narrative. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of staging a drama during the interrogation?

To create a fear of punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the line-up technique involve?

Witnesses positively identifying suspects among others. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect is intended by tricking the weakest link to believe that others have confessed?

Creating a perception of isolation and hopelessness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the body part of a crime scene sketch?

To include the position of the victim and other items in the crime scene Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a crime scene sketch indicates the direction of north?

Compass direction (orientation) Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in the location of the incident section of a crime scene sketch?

Status of the case regarding when it was committed Signup and view all the answers

Why is the date and time of the incident important in a crime scene sketch?

It provides context for the crime scene analysis Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a crime scene sketch is responsible for identifying the suspect's name?

Name of suspect Signup and view all the answers

What does the nature of measurements section of a crime scene sketch contain?

Distance of objects in the crime scene Signup and view all the answers

How can one determine the north direction without a compass?

Determine where the sun rises Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the sketch mentioned in the context?

Witness statement Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of a raid?

To recover stolen property Signup and view all the answers

Which member is responsible for documenting the events of a raid?

Recorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical action to avoid during a raid according to the guidelines?

Take unnecessary chances Signup and view all the answers

What is explicitly illegal regarding the handling of evidence during a raid?

Touching evidence without witnesses present Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal status of a 'shoot-to-kill' order in the Philippines?

Inherently illegal and a violation of due process Signup and view all the answers

Which role in the raid team is primarily responsible for handling the operational vehicle?

In charge of raiding vehicle Signup and view all the answers

What should NOT be underestimated during a raid?

The subjects' capability and courage Signup and view all the answers

What personal properties can be seized according to the Revised Rules of Court?

Stolen or embezzled items related to the offense Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential preparation for a raid when chemical agents like tear gas are used?

Ensuring all personnel have gas masks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a situation where a warrantless search is permissible?

Search incidental to a lawful arrest for dangerous weapons Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition can police officers conduct warrantless searches at checkpoints?

In times of public welfare being at stake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for conducting a search in violation of Tariff and Custom Laws?

To prevent smuggled goods from entering the country Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid instance of warrantless searches?

Searching private homes without consent or a warrant Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the 'Plain View' doctrine is accurate?

It permits officers to seize items they can see without entering a property Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining if a search incidental to a lawful arrest is legitimate?

The reason for the initial arrest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the scope of items that can be searched in a warrantless scenario?

Items that the officer can reasonably suspect are linked to a crime Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Consideration of Investigation

Investigation refers to a thorough examination or inquiry, often systematic and official, aimed at uncovering facts or individuals.
The term derives from the Latin "VESTIGARE," meaning to trace or probe, linked to "VESTIGIUM," which translates to "footprints," indicating a search for traces.

Criminal Investigation Definition

Benette defines criminal investigation as the quest for facts surrounding a crime to establish the truth and assign responsibility.
Agas and Cael highlight that it involves collecting and analyzing relevant facts to identify the guilty party and provide admissible evidence.
Described as an art, it is guided by intuition, inspiration, and a minimal amount of chance.
Hans Gross attributes 95% of criminal investigation to "perspiration," 3% to inspiration, and 2% to luck.
As a science, it applies forensic knowledge to gather, process, and evaluate physical evidence.

Goals of Criminal Investigation

Determine if a crime has been committed.
Legally obtain information and evidence.
Identify individuals involved in the crime.
Arrest suspects connected to the crime.
Recover stolen property.
Present a robust case to the prosecutor.

Types of Criminal Investigation

Conducted while the suspect is under arrest or in detention.
Conducted when the suspect is "at large," meaning they are not currently wanted by law enforcement.

Phases of Investigation

Preliminary Investigation

Promptly and safely proceed to the crime scene.
Provide assistance to any injured individuals.
Arrest criminals as necessary.
Identify and locate witnesses.
Interview complainants and witnesses.
Protect the integrity of the crime scene and evidence.
Interrogate suspects when needed.
Document conditions, events, and statements.
Collect evidence or arrange for its collection.
Accurately report the incident to follow-up investigators.

In-Depth Investigation

Involves following leads from the preliminary investigation.
Revisit the crime scene for further analysis.
Conduct interviews with existing and new victims and witnesses.
Process additional documents and gather facts.

Concluding Investigation

Directly follows preliminary and in-depth phases.
The investigating officer collaborates closely with the prosecutor to prepare the criminal case for trial.

Key Principles in Criminal Investigation

Recognition/Identification: Identify relevant data and physical evidence pertaining to the case.
Collection: Gather significant data and physical evidence, such as blood samples or witness accounts.
Evaluation: Determine the probative value of collected evidence.
Preservation: Maintain the integrity of evidence throughout the investigation.
Presentation: Effectively present the gathered evidence in legal proceedings.

Crime Scene Sketch Components

Sketch acts as a metaphorical cardboard box, collapsing sides and cover into a single plane.
Title: Indicates the type of crime (e.g., vehicular accident, homicide, drowning).
Body: Shows the layout of the scene, including victim and object positions.
Measurements: Records distances between objects.
Location and Time: Defines status (current or past) and specific date/time of the incident.

Key Elements in Crime Scene Documentation

Compass Direction: A standardized arrow representing north; face east to find north.
Victim and Suspect Names: Spaces reserved for the identification of both individuals.

Historical Context: Legal Systems

Athens: Citizens appointed unpaid magistrates to make judicial decisions.
Rome (Time of Augustus):
- Praetorian Guard: First police force, protecting the emperor and palace.
- Praefectus Urbi: Oversaw city protection with executive and judicial powers.
- Vigiles of Rome: Originated as firefighters, later took on law enforcement roles.

Legal Developments: Alfred the Great

Introduced the Mutual Pledge System:
- Tithing System: Groups formed for mutual protection with responsibilities allocated.
- Constables: Managed groups of 100 individuals known as ‘tithings’.

Medieval Law Enforcement

Shires: Divisions of land managed by Sheriffs under the King's authority.

Alexander the Great

Renowned military leader who died in 323 BC, ruling a vast empire across Europe, North Africa, and Asia.

Legal Terminology

Fasces: Roman symbol representing authority, carried by lictors.

Interrogation Techniques

Weakest Link Strategy: Identifying the most susceptible suspect for interrogation pressure.
Dramatic Interrogation: Employing theatrics to create an environment conducive to confession.
Feigning Family Contact: Using misinformation about family members to elicit confessions.
Line-Up Techniques: Utilizing inconsistencies in suspect identification among witnesses to gather confessions.
Stern Approach: Aggressive questioning techniques to force a suspect into confession or error.

Warrantless Searches

Incidental to Arrest: Allows searching a lawful arrest's individual for weapons or evidence.
Plain View Doctrine: Officers may seize items visible during lawful operations.
Checkpoints: Vehicles can be searched during public safety initiatives without warrants.

Raid Protocol

Objectives: Apprehending suspects, gathering evidence unexpectedly, recovering stolen items.
Raid Team Composition: Includes a commander, assistants, and specialists for logistics and documentation.

Guidelines for Raids

Avoid unnecessary risks, ensure officer readiness, and prioritize civilian safety.
Use of force should be minimal; evidence should remain untouched in most cases.

Shoot-to-Kill Orders

Legality in the Philippines: Such orders violate constitutional rights and lack legal authority.

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Description

Explore the concept of investigation, its origins, and its systematic approach. This quiz delves into the detailed examination and inquiry processes associated with investigations, particularly in criminology. Test your understanding of what constitutes effective investigation techniques.