Understanding Interview Experiences

Questions and Answers

What is the probability of dying from a shark attack according to estimates?

1 in 500,000

1 in 1 million

1 in 100,000

1 in 3.7 million (correct)

The availability heuristic leads people to underestimate the likelihood of events.

False

Name one mental health issue that heuristics influence.

Addiction

The chances of dying from the flu are estimated at one in ______.

63 Signup and view all the answers

Match the events with their estimated probabilities of death:

Shark Attack = 1 in 3.7 million Flu = 1 in 63 Car Accident = 1 in 6,700 Lightning Strike = 1 in 1.1 million Signup and view all the answers

Why do people tend to overestimate the likelihood of shark attacks?

They are easy to imagine or remember Signup and view all the answers

Big wins in gambling are often less memorable than small wins.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability heuristic suggest about estimating event frequency?

The frequency is estimated to be higher if the event is easier to bring to mind. Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in how we interpret ambiguous stimuli?

Existing knowledge structures Signup and view all the answers

Social cognition is primarily concerned with how individuals interpret non-social stimuli.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive psychologists study in relation to our perception of objects?

They study how we perceive and make judgments about objects, including comparisons of sizes. Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychologists are interested in __________ processes that influence perception.

cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Cognitive psychologists = Study perception and judgment of stimuli Social cognitive researchers = Explore cognitive processes affecting social perception Ambiguous words = Words that can have multiple interpretations Prior knowledge = Existing information used to interpret stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the use of prior knowledge in perception?

Interpreting a letter differently based on surrounding letters Signup and view all the answers

People are capable of subjective judgments about social stimuli, such as trustworthiness.

True Signup and view all the answers

What kind of judgments might people make about the two persons in the example?

Physical characteristics and subjective attributes such as trustworthiness. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when interviewing people about their experiences?

Experiences can be interpreted differently over time Signup and view all the answers

The approach discussed involves controlling for individual differences in experiences.

True Signup and view all the answers

What task was mentioned that involves participants memorizing a card?

The card task Signup and view all the answers

The approach aims to disentangle people's experiences from their __________.

appraisals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experiences with their experimental analogues:

Thoughts being read by a computer = Mimicking anomalous experience Hearing a voice = Mimicking auditory experience Memorizing a card = Cognitive task for assessment Group assignments = Controlled experimental conditions Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, who receives the same anomalous experience?

Every participant in the experiment Signup and view all the answers

The method discussed allows for personal ongoing experiences to interfere with the study results.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of creating a symptom analogue in this research?

To analyze appraisals based on the same anomalous experience. Signup and view all the answers

What role do appraisals play in emotions, according to the research?

They influence how people interpret emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Fear and anger both lead to high levels of uncertainty in appraisals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the pioneering investigation on emotions and appraisals in 1985?

Smith and Ellsworth Signup and view all the answers

In terms of appraisals, leads to a negative interpretation of events, while leads to a positive interpretation.

sadness, happiness Signup and view all the answers

What did Lerner and Keltner find about fearful and angry participants faced with risky decisions?

Angry participants were more likely to choose the risky option. Signup and view all the answers

Sadness and happiness are both interpreted positively.

False Signup and view all the answers

How does fear affect people's perception of their environment?

Fear makes people interpret their environment as insecure or risky. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following emotions with their appraisal characteristics:

Fear = Insecurity and risk Anger = Certainty about surroundings Sadness = Negative interpretation of events Happiness = Positive interpretation of events Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause for the men contacting the female experimenter?

They misattributed their feelings of arousal Signup and view all the answers

The participants reported feeling less stress after walking across the scary bridge.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the classic demonstration of misattribution of emotions?

Dutton and Aron Signup and view all the answers

The attractive female experimenter gave her contact details to the men for __________ questions.

further Signup and view all the answers

Match the theorists with their contributions:

Dutton and Aron = Misattribution of arousal experiment Schachter and Singer = Theory of emotion Attractive female experimenter = Provided contact information Non-scary bridge = Control group Signup and view all the answers

What impact did walking on the scary bridge have on the participants?

It increased their physiological arousal Signup and view all the answers

Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion is considered outdated.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did the participants walking on the scary bridge falsely attribute their arousal to?

Attraction to the female experimenter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Experiences and Appraisals

Retrospective interviews on experiences can be messy; interpretations can alter the original emotional impact.
Need to disentangle experiences from personal appraisals through controlled experimental tasks.
Creating symptom analogues in experiments can help mimic mild anomalous experiences (e.g., feeling thoughts read by a device).

Experimental Tasks

The card task allows participants to memorize a card without interaction to study their decision-making processes.
Heuristics may lead to incorrect conclusions (e.g., assuming outcomes based on perceived frequency).

Availability Heuristic

Shark attack fatality statistics indicate a low likelihood of dying from such attacks (1 in 3.7 million), contrasting with flu fatalities (1 in 63).
Availability heuristic influences perceptions; memorable or vivid events skew estimation of their frequency (e.g., media coverage).

Behavioral Impact of Heuristics

Heuristics affect maladaptive behaviors like addictions, where vivid memory of big wins (lottery or gambling) influences decision-making.

Misattribution of Arousal

Study by Dutton and Aron demonstrated men misattributing physiological arousal from a scary bridge to attraction toward an experimenter.
Men in a high-arousal environment were more likely to contact an attractive female than those in a non-scary context.

Emotions and Appraisals

Schachter and Singer's theory highlights the relation between emotions and situation appraisals.
Appraisals affect emotional perception; emotions also modify how situations are appraised.

Differences in Emotional Interpretation

Smith and Ellsworth (1985) found emotions such as fear and anger yield different interpretations of events.
Anger conveys certainty about situations, while fear implicates uncertainty and risk.

Decision-Making Influences

Lerner and Keltner (2001) study showed that fear decreases risk-taking, while anger encourages it due to differential perception of certainty in the environment.

Cognitive Processing in Perception

Existing knowledge shapes the interpretation of stimuli; people go beyond presented information based on prior understanding.
Cognitive psychologists study how knowledge structures influence perception and response to stimuli.

Social cognition examines how individuals interpret and understand social stimuli differently from general cognitive processing.
Social judgments incorporate subjective elements (e.g., trustworthiness) alongside physical characteristics.

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Description

This quiz explores the complexities of how interview participants recount their experiences and the impact of retrospective interpretation on those experiences. It delves into the need to separate experience from appraisal for a clearer understanding of personal narratives in interviews.

Understanding Interview Experiences

Questions and Answers

What is the probability of dying from a shark attack according to estimates?

The availability heuristic leads people to underestimate the likelihood of events.

Name one mental health issue that heuristics influence.

The chances of dying from the flu are estimated at one in ______.

Match the events with their estimated probabilities of death:

Why do people tend to overestimate the likelihood of shark attacks?

Big wins in gambling are often less memorable than small wins.

What does the availability heuristic suggest about estimating event frequency?

What plays a crucial role in how we interpret ambiguous stimuli?

Social cognition is primarily concerned with how individuals interpret non-social stimuli.

What do cognitive psychologists study in relation to our perception of objects?

Cognitive psychologists are interested in __________ processes that influence perception.

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Which of the following best exemplifies the use of prior knowledge in perception?

People are capable of subjective judgments about social stimuli, such as trustworthiness.

What kind of judgments might people make about the two persons in the example?

What is a significant challenge when interviewing people about their experiences?

The approach discussed involves controlling for individual differences in experiences.

What task was mentioned that involves participants memorizing a card?

The approach aims to disentangle people's experiences from their __________.

Match the following experiences with their experimental analogues:

In the study mentioned, who receives the same anomalous experience?

The method discussed allows for personal ongoing experiences to interfere with the study results.

What is the primary goal of creating a symptom analogue in this research?

What role do appraisals play in emotions, according to the research?

Fear and anger both lead to high levels of uncertainty in appraisals.

Who conducted the pioneering investigation on emotions and appraisals in 1985?

In terms of appraisals, __________ leads to a negative interpretation of events, while __________ leads to a positive interpretation.

What did Lerner and Keltner find about fearful and angry participants faced with risky decisions?

Sadness and happiness are both interpreted positively.

How does fear affect people's perception of their environment?

Match the following emotions with their appraisal characteristics:

What was the primary cause for the men contacting the female experimenter?

The participants reported feeling less stress after walking across the scary bridge.

Who conducted the classic demonstration of misattribution of emotions?

The attractive female experimenter gave her contact details to the men for __________ questions.

Match the theorists with their contributions:

What impact did walking on the scary bridge have on the participants?

Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion is considered outdated.

What did the participants walking on the scary bridge falsely attribute their arousal to?

Study Notes

Experiences and Appraisals

Experimental Tasks

Availability Heuristic

Behavioral Impact of Heuristics

Misattribution of Arousal

Emotions and Appraisals

Differences in Emotional Interpretation

Decision-Making Influences

Cognitive Processing in Perception

Social Cognitive Considerations

Studying That Suits You

Description

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In terms of appraisals, leads to a negative interpretation of events, while leads to a positive interpretation.