Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of sleep disorder is characterized by abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep?
Which type of sleep disorder is characterized by abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep?
What is typically associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of sleep?
What is typically associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of sleep?
Which sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep?
Which sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep?
Which type of disorder is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep?
Which type of disorder is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep?
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Which sleep disorder is commonly associated with an uncontrollable urge to move the legs?
Which sleep disorder is commonly associated with an uncontrollable urge to move the legs?
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Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of a sleep disorder?
Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of a sleep disorder?
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What is a common symptom associated with many sleep disorders?
What is a common symptom associated with many sleep disorders?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to the development of sleep disorders?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to the development of sleep disorders?
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Which of these practices may help in managing sleep disorders?
Which of these practices may help in managing sleep disorders?
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What is one of the psychological factors that can exacerbate sleep disorders?
What is one of the psychological factors that can exacerbate sleep disorders?
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Study Notes
Insomnia
- Symptoms: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early. Feeling tired or unrefreshed after sleep. Daytime impairments like fatigue, irritability, or concentration difficulties.
- Causes: Stress, anxiety, depression, poor sleep habits (inconsistent bedtime, excessive screen time), medical conditions (chronic pain, acid reflux), stimulant use (caffeine, nicotine).
- Treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), sleep hygiene improvements (consistent bedtime, reducing screen exposure), medications (sedative-hypnotics, melatonin) for short-term use.
Sleep Apnea
- Symptoms: Loud snoring, gasping, or choking during sleep. Daytime fatigue, poor concentration, morning headaches, and dry mouth.
- Causes: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) - airway blockage due to relaxed throat muscles, obesity, or structural abnormalities. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) - neurological issues affecting the brain's respiratory control.
- Treatment: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy, weight loss, lifestyle changes, surgery in severe cases, dental appliances.
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
- Symptoms: Unpleasant sensations in the legs (e.g., crawling, tingling) relieved by movement. Symptoms worsen in the evening or at rest.
- Causes: Genetic predisposition, iron deficiency, or conditions like kidney disease.
- Treatment: No specific cure but symptom management is possible with medications like dopamine agonists or gabapentin; lifestyle changes could help.
Narcolepsy
- Symptoms: Sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day, cataplexy (muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations upon waking or falling asleep.
- Causes: Loss of hypocretin-producing neurons in the brain and combination of genetic factors and immune responses (type 1)
- Treatment: Stimulant medications (modafinil, amphetamines), sodium oxybate for cataplexy, regular naps, structured sleep schedule.
Parasomnias
- Types and Symptoms: Sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep talking, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (vivid dream enactment, sometimes violent), and can include other characteristics such as abnormal behaviors, movements, emotions, perceptions and or dreams occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.
- Causes: Genetic predisposition, stress, sleep deprivation, medications, or neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson's for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder).
- Treatment: Ensuring a safe sleep environment, medications (e.g., clonazepam), and treating underlying triggers like stress.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Types: Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (sleeping late and waking late - common in teenagers), Shift Work Disorder (sleep disruption due to night or rotating shifts), Jet Lag (temporary misalignment due to crossing time zones), and Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (in individuals with blindness or lack of light exposure)
- Causes: Internal body clock misaligned with external cues, reduced exposure to natural light, or lack of light cues (e.g. blindness).
- Treatment: Light therapy to reset the body clock, melatonin supplements, consistent sleep and wake times.
Hypersomnolence Disorders
- Symptoms: Persistent excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate nighttime sleep. Difficulty waking up or feeling refreshed.
- Causes: Unknown (idiopathic hypersomnia), secondary to medical conditions like sleep apnea or depression.
- Treatment: Stimulant medications (e.g., modafinil), behavioral therapy.
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
- Types: Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) - repetitive, involuntary jerking of legs during sleep; Bruxism - teeth grinding or clenching during sleep.
- Causes: Neurological conditions (PLMD), misaligned teeth, anxiety, substance use (bruxism) .
- Treatment: Medications for PLMD (e.g., dopamine agonists), mouthguards or stress management for bruxism.
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
- Symptoms: Interrupted or shallow breathing during sleep, snoring, fatigue.
- Causes: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) - airway blockage, Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) - brain's respiratory control malfunction.
- Treatment: CPAP or BiPAP machines, weight management, surgical interventions.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Symptoms: Acting out vivid dreams during REM sleep. (May involve kicking, punching, or shouting).
- Causes: Linked to neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's or Lewy body dementia).
- Treatment: Medications (e.g., clonazepam or melatonin) and creating a safe sleep environment.
Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder
- Symptoms: Sleep timing gradually shifts later each day; disrupting daily life.
- Causes: Common in individuals with total blindness due to lack of light cues, internal body clock failing to synchronize with a 24-hour day.
- Treatment: Light exposure, melatonin or medications like tasimelteon.
Kleine-Levin Syndrome
- Symptoms: Episodes of excessive sleep (up to 20 hours/day) lasting days to weeks. Behavioral changes (irritability, confusion), increased appetite or hypersexuality during episodes.
- Causes: Likely neurological or autoimmune in nature, often triggered by infections or stress.
- Treatment: Symptom management with stimulants or mood stabilizers.
Idiopathic Causes
- In some cases, the cause of a sleep disorder remains unknown. (e.g. Idiopathic hypersomnia)
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Description
This quiz covers the symptoms, causes, and treatments of insomnia and sleep apnea. Test your knowledge on cognitive behavioral therapies, sleep hygiene, and the effects of medical conditions on sleep. Learn about the differences between obstructive and central sleep apnea in this informative quiz.
