Understanding Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the role of technology in Information and Communications Technology (ICT)?

  • Creating new forms of entertainment and leisure.
  • Replacing human interaction in communication.
  • Limiting access to information to a select few.
  • Supporting the creation, transmission, and management of information. (correct)

    • E-governance services and public information systems are applications of ICT in government.

    True (A)

    Name two negative impacts of ICT on society.

    Job loss,Reduced physical activity

    The integration and use of technology to manage and facilitate the exchange of information and communication is termed ______.

    <p>Information and Communications Technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical computing tools with their inventions:

    <p>Napier’s Bones = Simplify multiplication and division Pascaline = Performing addition and subtraction Arithmometer = First commercially successful mechanical calculator Analytical Engine = First general-purpose mechanical computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how ICT is applied in everyday life?

    <p>Using social media to connect with friends and family. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The slide rule was invented by Charles Babbage.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices is considered one of the earliest mathematical tools used for recording and counting numbers?

    <p>Tally Sticks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which innovation introduced by the EDVAC was a fundamental advancement in computing?

    <p>Stored-program concept (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is recognized as the first electromechanical computer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the first programmable mechanical computer using binary arithmetic?

    <p>Konrad Zuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IBM System/360, introduced in 1964, was one of the first computers to use ______.

    <p>integrated circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following computers with their distinguishing characteristic:

    <p>ENIAC = First fully electronic general-purpose computer UNIVAC I = First commercially produced computer Harvard Mark I = Electromechanical computer used for military calculations Colossus = Used to break German codes during WWII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following computers is considered the first commercially available portable computer?

    <p>Osborne 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Intel 4004 was the first commercially available minicomputer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology, developed by Herman Hollerith, used punched cards to influence early data processing?

    <p>Tabulating Machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language, designed to encourage good programming practices, was utilized in early Apple development?

    <p>Pascal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SQL was initially developed with the primary purpose of creating interactive websites.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language, an extension of C, introduced object-oriented programming features in 1983 and was used in Adobe Photoshop?

    <p>C++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developed by Google, the ______ programming language is designed for simplicity, efficiency, and scalability, particularly for concurrent and cloud-based systems.

    <p>Go</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following languages with their described features:

    <p>Java = Platform-independent language designed to 'write once, run anywhere' Rust = Systems programming language focusing on safety, performance, and concurrency Python = Language emphasizing readability and simplicity, widely used in data science JavaScript = Scripting language for creating dynamic content on web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language, known for its elegant syntax and focus on developer happiness, gained popularity with the Ruby on Rails web framework?

    <p>Ruby (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C# can only be used for web development.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Rust's memory management system, and what types of applications is it particularly suited for?

    <p>Rust's memory management system prevents memory-related issues, such as null pointer dereferencing and buffer overflows. It is particularly suited for system-level programming, web assembly, and blockchain technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advancement primarily characterizes the fifth generation of computers?

    <p>Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Wide Web was created in 1983.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language, developed by IBM, was the first high-level programming language aimed at simplifying scientific and engineering calculations?

    <p>Fortran</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Created for business data processing, _______ was designed to be easily readable and understood by non-programmers.

    <p>COBOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language introduced the concept of symbolic expressions and significantly influenced the field of artificial intelligence?

    <p>LISP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C++ was directly developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following technologies with their description:

    <p>IBM Deep Blue = First computer to defeat a world chess champion Google Search = Revolutionized information retrieval and data processing Smartphones = Transformed computing into a mobile-first experience Quantum Computing = Developing quantum processors to solve complex problems faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which computer, built at the University of Cambridge under the leadership of Maurice Wilkes, was one of the first stored-program computers?

    <p>EDSAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Scheutzian Calculation Engine

    An improved version of the Difference Engine created by Per Georg Scheutz in 1853.

    Tabulating Machine

    Developed by Herman Hollerith in 1890, used punched cards for processing census data.

    Zuse Z1

    The first programmable mechanical computer created by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1938.

    Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

    The first electronic digital computer built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1937-1942).

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    ENIAC

    The first fully electronic general-purpose computer, used for military calculations, developed in 1946.

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    IBM System/360

    Introduced in 1964, one of the first computers using integrated circuits.

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    Intel 4004

    The first commercially available microprocessor, released in 1971, revolutionized computing.

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    Apple II

    A widely successful personal computer released in 1977 that helped establish Apple as a major company.

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    Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

    Integration and use of technology to manage and facilitate the exchange of information and communication.

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    Information

    Processed data or knowledge communicated or stored in forms like text, images, audio, or video.

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    Communication

    Transmission and sharing of information between individuals or systems.

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    Applications of ICT

    Use of ICT in various fields like business, healthcare, government, and everyday life.

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    Positive Impacts of ICT

    Benefits of ICT including access to information, improved education, and enhanced communication.

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    Negative Impacts of ICT

    Drawbacks of ICT which include job loss, reduced physical activity, and decreased personal interaction.

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    Tally Sticks

    Early counting tools used for recording and counting numbers, dating back to 35,000 BCE.

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    Analytical Engine

    Designed by Charles Babbage, considered the first general-purpose mechanical computer.

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    Pascal

    A programming language created by Niklaus Wirth to encourage good programming practices, widely used in education.

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    SQL

    Structured Query Language, developed by IBM for managing data in relational databases.

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    C++

    An extension of C that introduced object-oriented programming features, popular for systems programming.

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    Java

    A platform-independent programming language developed by Sun Microsystems, famous for its 'write once, run anywhere' capability.

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    Python

    A programming language created by Guido van Rossum emphasizing readability and simplicity, widely used in various applications.

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    JavaScript

    A versatile scripting language originally created for web browsers, enabling dynamic content on websites.

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    C#

    An object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft for building applications on the .NET framework.

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    Rust

    A systems programming language developed by Mozilla focusing on safety and performance, ideal for reliable software.

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    Fifth Generation of Computers

    The era defined by advancements in AI, cloud computing, and quantum computing, from the 1990s to present.

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    World Wide Web

    A system created in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee connecting computers globally for information exchange.

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    IBM Deep Blue

    First computer to defeat a world chess champion in 1997, showcasing early AI capabilities.

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    Smartphones

    Devices like the iPhone (2007) that transformed computing into a mobile-first experience.

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    Quantum Computing

    Developing technology from the 2010s that uses quantum bits to solve complex problems faster than classical computers.

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    Fortran

    The first high-level programming language developed by IBM in 1957, aimed at scientific calculations.

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    LISP

    A programming language designed for AI and symbolic reasoning, created at MIT in 1958.

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    C Programming Language

    Developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie, influential in Unix and later languages like C++ and C#.

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    Study Notes

    Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

    • ICT is the integration and use of technology to manage and facilitate the exchange of information and communication.
    • Information is processed data or knowledge communicated or stored in various formats (text, images, audio, video).
    • Communication is the transmission and sharing of information between individuals or systems.
    • Technology includes tools, devices, and systems that manage information and communication (computers, mobile phones, software, networks).

    Applications of ICT

    • Business: Managing operations, customer interactions, and e-commerce.
    • Healthcare: Telemedicine, electronic health records, and medical records.
    • Government: E-governance services and public information systems.
    • Everyday Life: Social media, online banking, and smart home systems.

    Impact of ICT in Society

    Positive Impacts

    • Access to information
    • Improved education
    • New tools and opportunities
    • Communication
    • Information management
    • Security
    • Distance learning

    Negative Impacts

    • Job loss
    • Reduced physical activity
    • Reduced personal interaction
    • Cost
    • Competition

    History of Computers

    Early Counting Tools

    • Tally Sticks (c. 35,000 BCE): used for recording and counting numbers.
    • Abacus (c. 3000 BCE): a counting device used in Babylon, China, and Rome.
    • Napier's Bones (1617): a tool for simplifying multiplication and division.
    • Slide Rule (1622): a logarithmic device for mathematical calculations.

    Mechanical Computing Devices

    • Pascaline (1642): one of the first mechanical calculators, capable of addition and subtraction (designed by Blaise Pascal).
    • Stepped Reckoner (1673): created by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, performed all four arithmetic operations.
    • Arithmometer (1820): first commercially successful mechanical calculator (created by Thomas de Colmar).
    • Difference Engine (1822): conceptualized by Charles Babbage to automate polynomial calculations.
    • Analytical Engine (1837): considered the first general-purpose mechanical computer (designed by Charles Babbage).
    • Scheutzian Calculation Engine (1853): an improved version of the Difference Engine (created by Per Georg Scheutz).
    • Tabulating Machine (1890): used punched cards to process census data and influenced early data processing (developed by Herman Hollerith).

    Electromechanical and Early Electronic Computers (1930s-1940s)

    • Z1 (1936-1938): first programmable mechanical computer using binary arithmetic (created by Konrad Zuse).
    • Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1937-1942): first electronic digital computer (built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry).
    • Colossus (1943): used by British cryptographers to break German codes during WWII.
    • Harvard Mark I (1944): an electromechanical computer (designed by Howard Aiken and IBM).
    • ENIAC (1946): first fully electronic general-purpose computer (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Used for military ballistic calculations.

    First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s)

    • EDVAC (1949): introduced the stored-program concept (designed by John von Neumann).
    • UNIVAC I (1951): first commercially produced computer used for business and government applications.

    Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s)

    • IBM 650 (1953): one of the first mass-produced computers (used by businesses and universities).
    • IBM 1401 (1959): successful commercial business computer, contributing to the rise of data processing.

    Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s)

    • IBM System/360 (1964): one of the first computers to use integrated circuits.
    • DEC PDP-8 (1965): a minicomputer that made computing more affordable for small businesses and universities.

    Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-1980s)

    • Intel 4004 (1971): first commercially available microprocessor (revolutionized computing).
    • Altair 8800 (1975): considered the first personal computer.
    • Apple I (1976): one of the first personal computers with a graphical display.
    • Apple II (1977): a widely successful personal computer.
    • IBM PC (1981): became the standard for personal computing.
    • Osborne 1 (1981): first commercially available portable computer.

    Fifth Generation Computers (1990s-Present)

    • World Wide Web (1991): transformed computing by connecting computers globally (created by Tim Berners-Lee).
    • IBM Deep Blue (1997): first computer to defeat a world chess champion.
    • Google Search (1998): revolutionized information retrieval.
    • Smartphones and Mobile Computing (2000s-present): transformed computing into a mobile-first experience.
    • Quantum Computing (2010s-present): developing quantum processors.

    History of Programming

    1940s

    • Machine code (1883): Ada Lovelace created an algorithm for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.
    • Assembly language (1949): introduced to make programming easier.

    1950s

    • Fortran (1957): first high-level programming language for scientific and engineering calculations.
    • LISP (1958): designed for symbolic reasoning and artificial intelligence.
    • COBOL (1959): created for business data processing.

    1960s

    • ALGOL (1958-1960): a family of programming languages influencing others.

    1970s

    • C: influential in the development of Unix and other languages.

    1980s and beyond

    • C++, Pascal, SQL, MATLAB, Perl, Java, Python, JavaScript, Ruby, Go, Rust, Dart etc

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    Explore the integration of technology in managing information and communication. Learn about ICT applications in business, healthcare, government, and everyday life. Understand the positive societal impacts such as access to information and improved education.

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